Notes Class 10 Chapter 4.3 Kumarbharati English Maharashtra Board

World Heritage

Introduction

• Heritage: Valued for historical, natural, cultural importance (buildings, forests).
• UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; protects significant places.
• World Heritage Sites: UNESCO-selected places for cultural/natural value (monuments, forests).

Heritage Cycle

• Understand → Value → Care → Enjoy → Understand more.

Heritage Types

1. World Heritage: Globally important sites (Taj Mahal, Great Barrier Reef).
2. Cultural Heritage: Human-made (buildings, art).
3. Natural Heritage: Natural places (mountains, lakes).

World Heritage Sites

• Include: Cultural (monuments, cities), Natural (forests, mountains), Mixed (both).
• Stats (2009): 890 sites, 148 countries (689 cultural, 176 natural, 25 mixed).
• Top: Italy (44), India (36: 28 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed).

History

• Early 20th Century: Heritage protection idea.
• 1954: Egypt’s Aswan Dam threatened Abu Simbel.
• 1959: UNESCO campaign moved temples ($80M, $40M from 50 countries).
• 1965: USA proposed “World Heritage Trust.”
• 1968: Conservation Union supported goals.
• 1972: UNESCO adopted Protection Convention (Stockholm).

World Heritage Committee

• Role: Selects, protects sites; manages funds.
• Members: 21 State Parties, 6-year term.
• Meets: Yearly for nominations.
• Advisors: ICOMOS, IUCN.

Becoming a World Heritage Site

1. Tentative List: Country lists sites.
2. Nomination File: Selects sites.
3. Review: Advisors check file.
4. Decision: Committee approves.
5. Inscription: Added if meets 1 of 10 criteria.

• Country owns; globally protected.

Selection Criteria

• Outstanding universal value (unique, historic, artistic).

1.Sites in Danger

• Threats: War, disasters, poaching, urbanization, tourism, pollution.
• Action: Listed as endangered; funds, plans for protection.
• Removal: If value lost.

2.Preservation Importance

• Saves history, culture.
• Educates.
• Boosts tourism.
• For future generations.

3. Preservation Duties

• Follow rules, no damage.
• Raise awareness.
• Support conservation.
• Protect environment.

4. Tourism Role

• Attracts visitors.
• Creates jobs.
• Earns money.
• Promotes culture.

5. Examples

• Cultural: Taj Mahal, Vatican City.
• Natural: Great Barrier Reef, Mount Fuji.
• Mixed: Machu Picchu, Mount Huangshan.

Key Facts

• Mount Huangshan: China.
• Aswan Dam: Egypt.
• 1972 Conference: Stockholm.
• Most Sites: Italy.
• Committee Tenure: 6 years.
• Committee: Can remove sites.

Protection

• Conservation.
• Restrict access.
• Stop trespassing.
• Ensure local care.

Vocabulary

1. Heritage: Valued past.
2. Artefacts: Human-made objects.
3. Monument: Memorial structure.
4. Dismantling: Disassembly.
5. Criteria: Judgment standards.
6. Inscribe: Write officially.
7. Urbanization: City growth.
8. Allocate: Assign resources.

Cultural Heritage Words

1. Artefacts
2. Buildings
3. Cities
4. Heritage
5. Monuments
6. Sites
7. Temples
8. Traditions