Social Institutions
1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.
(1) A rule that prescribes marriage within a group is called ___. (exogamy, endogamy, polygamy)
Answer: endogamy
(2) A family that comprises at least three ngenerations is a ___ family. (nuclear, joint, cohabitation)
Answer: joint
(3) The 10+2+3 system is part of the ___ system of education. (informal, formal, universal)
Answer: formal
1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.
(i) School – Distance education
(ii) Peer group – Informal education
(iii) Health care training – Non-formal education
(iv) Family – Informal education
Answer:
- School – Distance education: Distance education is a form of formal education, as it involves a systematic curriculum.
- Peer group – Informal education: Peer groups contribute to informal education through spontaneous learning, as described in the document.
- Health care training – Non-formal education: Health care training fits non-formal education, which is systematic but outside the formal system.
- Family – Informal education: The document notes that family contributes to informal education through socialization and incidental learning.
1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.
Homosexual marriage, Matrilocal, Heterosexual marriage
- A married couple is expected to live at the wife’s residence: Matrilocal.
- A form of marriage between persons of the same sex: Homosexual marriage.
1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.
(1) X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of polygamy.
Answer: X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of monogamy.
(2) Mass production and factory system are found in agricultural society.
Answer: Mass production and factory system are found in industrial society.
2. Write short notes.
(1) Types of family based on authority
Answer: Families can be classified based on authority into two types:
- Matriarchal family: Authority lies with the mother or female elders. Women hold primary decision-making power, though this is less common globally.
- Patriarchal family: Authority rests with the father or male elders. This is more prevalent, where men dominate decision-making and resource control.
- The document mentions these forms briefly, noting their basis in who holds power within the family structure.
(2) Stages of economy
Answer: The document outlines three stages of economic transformation:
- Agricultural Revolution: Marked by the shift from hunting-gathering to large-scale farming using ploughs and animals, leading to increased food production and specialized tasks.
- Industrial Revolution: Began in the 18th century with steam engines, factories, mass production, and division of labor, transforming work and raising living standards unevenly.
- Information Revolution: Emerged mid-20th century with computers, shifting focus to service industries, literacy skills, and decentralized work through technology like laptops and mobiles.
(3) Importance of education
Answer: Education is vital for both individuals and society, as per the document:
- It fosters common values, uniting diverse individuals through shared norms and moral beliefs.
- It instills self-discipline, teaching social rules for societal functioning.
- It provides specialized skills for modern economies, such as technical and vocational training.
- It promotes individual achievement, assessing students meritocratically through exams and universal standards, preparing them for societal roles.
3. Write differences.
(1) Matriarchal family and Patriarchal family
| Aspect | Matriarchal Family | Patriarchal Family |
|---|---|---|
| Authority | Held by women (mother or female elders). | Held by men (father or male elders). |
| Decision-Making | Women make primary decisions. | Men dominate decision-making. |
| Prevalence | Less common globally. | More common in most societies. |
| Resource Control | Women may control property/resources. | Men typically control property/resources. |
(2) Agricultural revolution and Industrial revolution
| Aspect | Agricultural Revolution | Industrial Revolution |
|---|---|---|
| Time Period | Ancient, with farming advancements. | Mid-18th century onward. |
| Technology | Ploughs, animal harnesses. | Steam engines, machinery. |
| Work Setting | Rural, field-based. | Urban, factory-based. |
| Production | Food surplus, small-scale crafts. | Mass production of goods (e.g., furniture). |
| Social Impact | Permanent settlements, trade expansion. | Urbanization, economic inequality. |
4. Explain the following concepts with an example.
(1) Cohabitation
Answer: Explanation: Cohabitation refers to an unmarried couple sharing a household, as per the document. It may or may not lead to marriage and is increasingly common among younger generations, including same-sex couples. It represents a flexible family arrangement outside traditional marriage norms.
Example: A young couple in an urban Indian city lives together in an apartment without being married, sharing expenses and responsibilities, choosing to delay or avoid formal marriage.
(2) Formal Education
Answer: Explanation: Formal education is planned, structured learning with a specific curriculum, delivered through institutions like schools and universities. It has a defined timeframe and aims to meet societal needs, as outlined in the document.
Example: A student attending a high school following the 10+2 system, studying subjects like mathematics and science, and taking board exams to earn a certificate.
5. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.
(1) In a modernizing society the role of parents are changing.
Answer: True.
- Reason: The document notes that families are adapting to modern changes, such as dual-earner households and increased divorce rates. Parents’ roles are shifting due to women’s education and employment, changing childcare needs, and evolving family structures like single-parent or step-families.
(2) India is in the stage of industrial revolution.
Answer: False.
- Reason: The document states that India still has a significant population engaged in agriculture, indicating it has not fully transitioned from the agricultural stage. While industrialization exists, the Information Revolution is also emerging, but India is not primarily in the industrial revolution stage.
7. Answer the following question in detail (about 150-200 words)
Show how the role of family has changed in the present times. Illustrate with your own examples.
Answer: The role of family has undergone significant changes in modern times, as outlined in the document. Traditionally, families were joint, multi-generational units responsible for socialization, economic stability, and emotional security. Today, nuclear families, single-parent families, and cohabitation are more common, reflecting shifts in societal structures. The document highlights rising divorce rates, delayed marriages, and women’s increased education and employment, which have altered family dynamics. Families now adapt to dual-earner households, with parents sharing childcare and economic responsibilities differently.
For example, consider a modern urban family where both parents work full-time. Unlike a traditional joint family where grandparents handled childcare, this couple relies on daycare or part-time help, reflecting the document’s note on changing childcare needs. Another example is a single-parent household led by a divorced mother, as mentioned in the document. She balances work and parenting alone, facing challenges but also gaining independence, unlike the extended support in older family forms. These changes show families becoming more diverse and flexible, though emotional bonds remain central, adapting to modern pressures while retaining core functions like socialization and support.
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