Notes Class 12 Chapter 11 History Maharashtra Board

India Transformed – Part I

11.1 Globalization

India Before and After 1990: Before 1990, India had a closed economy. After adopting liberal economic policies in 1990, it opened up to global trade, leading to significant changes.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT):

Established in 1947 by 23 nations in Geneva to promote international trade.
Aimed to reduce trade barriers and treat member countries as “most favored nations.”
Focused on economic development through production and trade.
Annual meetings were held in Geneva, with each country having one vote to discuss trade issues.

World Trade Organization (WTO):

Formed on January 1, 1995, by 123 nations to promote free trade globally.
India is a member of the WTO.
The Dunkel Draft by Arthur Dunkel, WTO Director General, emphasized liberalized trade with fewer restrictions.
India simplified import rules, modified intellectual property and patent laws to align with global standards.

Key Contributions:

Prime Ministers Narsimha Rao, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh played crucial roles in advancing liberalization.
A 2006 WTO report highlighted India’s economic growth, reduced poverty, lower infant mortality, and improved literacy, water supply, and drainage systems.

11.2 Transformation in Various Fields

India’s transformation is visible in rural and urban development, communication, defense, and citizen rights.

11.2.1 Rural Development Plans

Objective: To balance rural and urban development and prevent neglect of rural areas.
Key Plans:

Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana (1993):

Started by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to create job opportunities for educated youth.
Focused on private enterprise and self-employment.

Rojgar Hami Yojana:

Launched on Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary to provide daily wages to unemployed agricultural laborers.
Initially implemented in 257 districts, targeting two young laborers per family below the poverty line.
Merged into Gramin Rojgar Yojana in 2001.

Kisan Credit Card (1998):

Supported farmers by providing funds for equipment and seeds.
Later included insurance for cardholders.

Suvarnajayanti Gramin Swayam Rojgar Yojana (1999):

Combined multiple schemes like Ekatmik Gramin Vikas Yojana, Ganga Kalyan Yojana, and others.
Benefited 12.07 lakh people by 2005-06.

Jawahar Gram-Samruddhi Yojana (1999):

Aimed to provide employment for unemployed men and women.
Merged into Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana in 2001.

Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana (2001):

Combined Rojgar Aashwasan Yojana and Jawahar Gram-Samruddhi Yojana.
Provided wage-earning opportunities and food grains in exchange for work.
Focused on water conservation and agricultural land development in 150 backward districts by 2004.

Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana (2006):

Aimed to reduce poverty, starvation, and unemployment in rural areas.
Guaranteed 100 days of work per rural family.
Implemented in 350 districts by 2008.

Agriculture and Livestock:

54% of India’s population (2011 census) is engaged in agriculture.
Mrida Swasthya Card Yojana: Improves soil fertility and agricultural production.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchan Yojana: Ensures adequate water supply for farming.
Krishi Vikas Yojana: Promotes organic farming and increases farmers’ income.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: Provides insurance to farmers for crop failures due to natural calamities, pests, or climate issues.
Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR): Supports agricultural research and exhibitions to introduce farmers to new technologies.
Encourages indigenous seeds, cattle breeds, goat keeping, poultry farming, and fish farming.
India ranks second globally in fish production and first in milk production.
National Livestock Mission (2014-15): Supports fodder availability, loans, and cattle keeper organization.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (2000):
Built roads to connect villages, starting with those having a population of 1,000.
Merged into Pradhan Mantri Gramoday Yojana in 2001.
Completed 75,000 km of roads by 2005 to improve access to health, education, water, housing, and electricity.

11.2.2 Urban Development Plans

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM, 2005):

Focused on modernizing cities through improved roads, public transport, wastewater management, sewage systems, and housing for the poor.

Golden Quadrilateral (Suvarna Chatushkon Yojana, 1998):

A highway network connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.
Managed by the National Highways Authority of India.
Aimed to link major port cities with 7,300 km of highways (25% completed by 2008).

Metro Railway:

Delhi Metro started in 2002, revolutionizing public transport with above- and underground systems for faster and smoother travel.

11.2.3 Means of Communication

Postal Department:

Established in 1766 by the British, it is over 250 years old.
Evolved from letter delivery to banking services like Postal Savings Accounts, Term Deposits, Public Provident Fund, Kisan Vikas Patra, and Sukanya Samruddhi Account.
By 2018, 23,557 post offices were under Core Banking Solutions, with ATMs and mutual fund services.
Offers money transfer services for Non-Resident Indians.

Speed Post (1986):

Delivers over 3 crore letters and parcels monthly.
Provides delivery confirmation via SMS, courier services (passports, business parcels), and packaging services.
Novel services include delivering Ganga Jal from Rishikesh and Gangotri (since 2016) and personalized postage stamps.

Philately:

The postal department supports philatelists with limited-edition stamps on themes like Ramayana, Mahabharata, Indian cuisine, and heritage sites.
Issued 50 stamp series between April 2017 and March 2018.

Other Services:

Schemes like National Pension Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, and Indian Post Payments Bank.
Services like Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe, Electronic Indian Postal Order, E-Dakghar, E-Payment Portal, and Mobile App.

11.3 Economic Issues

Ministry of Disinvestment:

Created to manage the government’s withdrawal from public sector investments in mining, petroleum, roads, highways, ports, and telecom.
Renamed Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) in 2016.

Impact of Privatization, Liberalization, and Globalization (KHAUJA):

Boosted Indian companies’ confidence, enabling them to acquire foreign firms in steel, pharmaceuticals, tea, and automobiles.

11.4 BRICS

Overview:

Formed in 2006 by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa to enhance trade.

11th BRICS Conference (2019, Brazil):

Theme: “Economic Growth for an Innovative Future.”
Discussed technological cooperation, digital economy, international crime, and financial scams.

11.5 Science and Technology

Supercomputers:

Param-8000 (1991): Developed by C-DAC, Pune, marking India’s entry into the global computer market.
Param-10000 (1998): An advanced version with high mathematical potential.
Parampadma (2003): A further upgraded supercomputer.

Software Industry:

Liberalization policies boosted software exports from 3.2% to over 25% after 2005.
Tata Consultancy Services became Asia’s largest software firm in 2004.
Pune and Bengaluru emerged as IT hubs.

Internet and Telecom:

Internet services began in 1995 in major cities.
BSNL (2000) provided mobile, internet, and broadband services.

Space Research:

Oceansat-1 (1999): Collected oceanographic data.
Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Confirmed water on the moon.
Chandrayaan-2 and Mangalyaan: Furthered India’s space exploration.
India commercially launched satellites for Italy, Argentina, Belgium, South Korea, Indonesia, and Germany.

Nuclear Tests:

Conducted at Pokhran, Rajasthan, to demonstrate nuclear strength.

VVPAT (Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail):

Introduced in 2011 for Nagaland elections, widely used in Lok Sabha elections since 2019.
Allows voters to verify their vote via a slip.

Indian Science Congress Association (1914):

Promotes scientific research and publications.
Asima Chatterjee was the first female General President in 1975.

11.6 Defense Affairs

Kargil War (1999):

Fought in Kargil-Drass, Ladakh, against Pakistani intrusion.
Known as Operation Vijay, it was a victory for India.
Led to intensified military modernization.

Arihant-Class Nuclear Submarine (2009):

India’s first indigenous nuclear submarine, developed with Russia’s cooperation.
Made India the sixth country with this technology.

Make in India:

Emphasized indigenous defense production and women’s recruitment in the military.

International Military Exercises:

Conducted with Oman, Nepal, Mongolia, USA, Sri Lanka, Russia, Bangladesh, and England to exchange technology and combat terrorism.

Women in the Military:

Indian military trained foreign women officers (e.g., Afghan Air Force).
In 2016, Avani Chaturvedi, Bhavana Kant, and Mohana Singh became the first women pilots in the Indian Air Force.

11.7 Youth-Related Policies

Youth Definition: Individuals aged 15-29.
Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (1972):
Trains youth in skills like literacy, health, hygiene, family welfare, environmental conservation, and self-employment.
Merged into National Youth Empowerment Programme.
National Youth Day:
Celebrated on January 12, Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary.
National Youth Festival:
Held annually in January to showcase youth talents, organized by the central and state governments.
Youth Hostels Association of India:
Manages 83 hostels offering affordable accommodation to youth.
Promotes adventure skills through Bharat Scouts and Guides, National Service Scheme, and National Cadet Corps.

11.8 Right to Information Act 2005

Background:

First applied in Sweden in 1776.
Declared a fundamental human right by the UN in 1946.
In India, initiated by L.K. Kulwal in 1982 in Jaipur, supported by the High Court.
Aruna Roy’s Majdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan and Anna Hazare’s 2001 movement were pivotal.
Implemented in Maharashtra on October 12, 2005.

Definition of Information:

Includes official records, documents, emails, press notes, circulars, reports, electronic data, and more.

Citizens’ Rights:

Access to official documents, copies, notes, material samples, and data stored in CDs, tapes, or computers.
Applications are submitted to the Information Officer of a public authority.

11.9 Reorganization of States

New States in 2000:

Chhattisgarh (November 1): Formed from Madhya Pradesh after a 1998 legislative proposal.
Uttarakhand (November 9): Formed from Uttar Pradesh after a movement since 1930.
Jharkhand (November 15): Formed from Bihar after demands since 1929.

Telangana (June 2, 2014):

Separated from Andhra Pradesh after a movement by Telangana Rashtriya Samiti.

Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh (October 31, 2019):

Reorganized into two Union Territories after the revocation of Article 370.
Jammu Praja Parishad (1947) and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee supported complete accession to India.