Question Answers For All Chapters – Political Science Class 12
Key Concepts and Issues since 1991: Humanitarian Issues
Exercise
Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.
(1) The initial approach to women’s issues in India can be described as ‘welfare approach’.
(2) In 1972, UN Conference on human environment was held in Stockholm.
(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.
Answer :
1. Incorrect Pair: (iii) 1990’s – Educational approach to women’s issues
Correct Pair: (iii) 1990’s – Empowerment approach to women’s issues
Incorrect Pair: (iii) Pre-dominant role of the State in promoting economic growth – Capitalist approach
Correct Pair: (iii) Pre-dominant role of the State in promoting economic growth – Socialist approach
(C) Find the odd word in the given set.
Answer : 1. National Policy for Empowerment of Women – This is a policy, whereas the others are Acts (laws).
2. Waste Management – The rest (Climate change, water scarcity, deforestation) are natural environmental issues, while waste management is more man-made and urban.
Q.2 State whether the following statement are true or false with reason.
(1) Planning Commission was created to promote agriculture in India.
Answer : False – The Planning Commission was created to promote balanced economic development, not just agriculture. It aimed at raising the standard of living and using resources efficiently.
(2) National Commision for women was set up to protect rights for women in India.
Answer : True – The National Commission for Women was established to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women in India.
Q.3 Explain the co-relation between the following.
(1) Women Empowerment and Sustainable Development
Answer : Empowering women helps ensure equal participation in economic, social, and political activities. It improves decision-making and resource use, promoting sustainability. Educated and economically active women contribute to environmental awareness, health, and community development.
(2) Poverty and Development
Answer : Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of underdevelopment. Development aims to improve living standards, but it must be inclusive. Only when economic growth includes the poor through participation, empowerment, and equality, can real development be achieved.
Q.4 Answer the following questions in 80 to 100 words.
(1) Explain the traditional and nontraditional perception of poverty.
Answer : The traditional view of poverty focuses on lack of basic needs like food, water, shelter, and income. It defines poverty in material and monetary terms. The non-traditional view includes non-material aspects such as participation in decision-making, social justice, empowerment, and community well-being. It emphasizes sustainable development and democratic involvement, aiming to improve overall quality of life and not just income levels.
(2) From 1960’s to 21 century what efforts has India taken to achieve development?
Answer : In the 1960s, India focused on industrialisation and agriculture, launching the Green Revolution. The 1970s and 1980s saw a shift towards social welfare and poverty alleviation programmes. After 1991, India introduced economic reforms, promoting liberalisation and privatisation. The focus shifted to inclusive growth, empowerment, and sustainable development. Programmes like MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, and skill development schemes highlight India’s evolving development strategy.
Q.5 Answer the following question in detail with help of given points.
Explain conditions of women in India.
Answer : (a) Economic Inequality – Women face a major wage gap. Female participation in the workforce is very low compared to men (28.2% vs 78.8%).
(b) Trafficking and Exploitation – Women are trafficked for forced marriages, domestic work, and are often denied rights and abandoned.
(c) Literacy Rate – The literacy rate of women is significantly lower than men. As per 2011 census: males – 82.14%, females – 65.46%.
(d) Political Representation – Women’s representation in Parliament and State Assemblies is still low. Despite reservations in Panchayats, national-level political presence remains limited.
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