Processes of Social Change in India
Q.1 (A) Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative givenin the bracket and rewrite it.
(1) The use of computers to streamline job applications is called ___ . (industrialisation, globalisation, digitalisation)
Answer: digitalisation
(2) An urban way of life is characterised by ___. (cohesiveness, uniformity, impersonality)
Answer: impersonality
(B) Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.
(i) Competitive market – Computerisation
(ii) Growth of cities – Urbanisation
(iii) Increase in production – Industrialisation
(iv) Radical transformative use of technology – Digitalisation
Answer:
(i) Competitive market – Globalisation
(C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.
(1) The FYJC On-line Admission process in metropolitan cities – Digitalisation
(2) Mechanisation of the process of production – Industrialisation
(D) Correct the underlined words and complete the statement.
(1) The Industrial Revolution took place in the sixteenth century.
Answer: seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
(2) The LPG Policy was started by Smt. Indira Gandhi.
Answer: Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Q.2 Write short notes.
(1) Negative effects of digitalisation
Answer: Digitalisation, while transformative, has several negative consequences. It has led to concerns about individual privacy due to data collection and surveillance in the web-world. The rise of big industries leveraging digital tools has adversely impacted smaller businesses, creating market imbalances. Digitalisation has also influenced consumer behaviour, promoting materialism through easy access to e-commerce. Additionally, it poses challenges to job prospects, as automation replaces certain roles, requiring workers to constantly upskill. Social networking, a byproduct of digitalisation, can foster superficial relationships and reduce face-to-face interactions, impacting social cohesion.
(2) Consequences of industrialisation
Answer: Industrialisation has significantly altered Indian society by fostering the growth of factories, which spurred migration from rural to urban areas, leading to the emergence of towns and cities. This migration contributed to the breakdown of joint families, with nuclear families becoming more common. Industrialisation introduced mechanisation, resulting in mass production and cheaper goods but also worker alienation due to repetitive tasks. It created economic classes through differential wages and spurred the trade union movement. However, it also led to environmental degradation and urban overcrowding, posing challenges to sustainable development.
Q.3 Write differences.
(1) Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Answer:
| Industrialisation | Urbanisation |
| (i) Meaning: It means the use of unbiotic power such as electricity and steam for the mass production of goods. | (i) Meaning: Urbanisation consists of an inward flow of a large number of people from scattered rural areas to urban communities. |
| (ii) Origin: Industrialization started in England due to the impact of the industrial revolution. | (ii) Origin: Urbanization is the consequence of industrialization. |
| (iii) Nature: Industrialisation reflects mechanisation of workplaces and spurt in the growth of factories and industries. | (iii) Nature: Urbanisation reflects the migration of people from all over the country continuously, in search of work. |
| (iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the revolutionary changes occurred in the production system i.e. use of heavy machinery and automation. | (iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the civil administration like law and city police for the urban area. |
| (v) Impact: Due to industrialisation impact of scientific and technical knowledge has been increasing. So, people are accepting rationalism and secularism. | (v) Impact: Due to urbanisation, the traditional belief system has been changed and become more secular in their outlooks, new educational fields are created in cities. |
| (vi) Effect: Industrialisation has led to the breakdown of joint families and the shrinking size of families. | (vi) Effect: Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”. |
(2) Modernisation and Globalisation
Answer:
| Modernisation | Globalisation |
| (i) Meaning: “Modernisation is the current term of an old process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies.” | (i) Meaning: Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.” |
| (ii) Characteristics: Modernisation reflects a rational outlook and scientific temperament and discarding traditional ways as these hinder the progress of the society. | (ii) Characteristics: Globalisation reflects the new economic policy means LPG policy which opens the door for the Indian economy and India became part of a wider global economy. |
| (iii) Manifestations: The adoption of the progressive ideas of the developed countries such as industrialisation and computerisation are its manifestations. | (iii) Manifestations: It leads to the transfer of resources, goods, and capital across the country. |
| (iv) Impact: Modernisation in every walk of life has contributed to the material progress of society and the well-being of individuals. | (iv) Impact: Globalisation has promoted industrialisation, expanded market, increase export as well as export area. Globalisation has created various new opportunities of employment. |
Q.4 Explain the following concepts with examples.
(1) Digitalisation
Answer: Digitalisation refers to the integration of digital technologies into everyday life to enhance processes, improve efficiency, and transform business models. It involves computerisation, frequent technological updates, and data-driven decision-making. For example, the FYJC online admission process in metropolitan cities allows students to apply for colleges through a digital platform, streamlining the process and reducing paperwork. Another example is e-commerce platforms like Amazon, where digitalisation enables faster transactions, inventory management, and personalised customer experiences, revolutionising retail.
(2) Urbanisation
Answer: Urbanisation is the process of migration from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the adoption of an urban way of life. It is characterised by industrial growth, heterogeneity, and specialised division of labour. For instance, Mumbai’s transformation into a metropolitan city due to industrial opportunities in textiles and trade exemplifies urbanisation. People migrated from rural areas for jobs, leading to population growth, diverse communities, and the development of municipal governance systems to manage urban challenges like traffic and housing.
Q.5 (A) Complete the concept map.
Answer:
(B) State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.
(1) The clothes one wears is indicative of an individual’s level of modernisation.
Answer: False.
- Reasons: Modernisation is about adopting scientific temperament, rational thinking, and openness to new ideas, not merely external appearances like clothing. While clothing may reflect personal style or cultural trends, it does not necessarily indicate a person’s level of modernisation, which is rooted in intellectual and behavioural changes.
(2) Urbanisation can have negative effects on our social relationships.
Answer: True.
- Reasons: Urbanisation fosters an urban way of life characterised by impersonality and secondary relationships, which can weaken traditional social bonds. The fast-paced, materialistic urban environment often leads to reduced community cohesion and feelings of being “lonely in a crowd,” as people prioritise individual goals over collective ties.
Q.6 Give your personal response.
(1) Shagufta Ranawat and her joint family have been living in Nagpur city for almost three generations. Their grandchildren are uninclined to want to settle down in their grandparent’s
village. Give two possible reasons for the grandchildren’s views.
Answer: Reasons for grandchildren’s reluctance to settle in their grandparent’s village:
- Urban Opportunities: The grandchildren, having grown up in Nagpur, are accustomed to urban amenities like better education, healthcare, and job prospects. Villages often lack such infrastructure, making urban life more appealing.
- Lifestyle Preferences: Urbanisation has shaped their mindset, favouring a fast-paced, independent lifestyle over the traditional, community-oriented village life, which they may find restrictive or less dynamic.
(2) Some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes, for example, in banking or online purchasing. Why do you think this is the case?
Answer: People may feel insecure about digitalisation, such as in banking or online purchasing, due to fears of data breaches and cyber fraud, which compromise personal and financial information. Additionally, a lack of digital literacy among some individuals, especially older generations, makes navigating complex online systems challenging, leading to mistrust and apprehension about adopting digital processes.
Q.7 Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)
‘The World Wide Web is a source of information and misinformation.’ Discuss this statement with regard to the impact of internet on:
(i) Parents
Answer: Impact of the Internet on Parents:
- Parents know that the internet is a window opening to the whole world and as a tool to get information.
- Parents are aware of the positive and negative effects of internet use.
- Parents know that the internet is useful for attaining information.
- They mainly consider it as an effective means of communication due to instant messaging services that can communicate to any part of the world.
- It improves business, interactions, transactions saving vital time.
- Banking, shopping online has made life less complicated for parents.
(ii) Children
Answer: Impact of the Internet on Children:
- Maximum children are busy playing games online.
- Increased use of the internet among children is making them feel lonely and depressed.
- More time spent online means children spent less time with family and friends or working on hobbies.
- Internet allows children to participate actively in a self-learning environment.
(iii) School
Answer: Impact of the Internet on School:
- The internet has not only increased the amount of learning possibilities in the classroom but it has created infinite amounts of learning opportunities for students and teachers.
- Use of internet in the school improves the quality of education in many ways.
- Teachers can use online materials to prepare lessons.
- The Internet plays a very vital role in education.
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