Important Questions Class 8 Chapter 4.2 Balbharati English Maharashtra Board

Revolutionary Steps in Surgery

Short Questions

1. Who wrote the ‘Sushruta Samhita’?

• The ancient Indian surgeon Sushruta wrote the ‘Sushruta Samhita’.

2. What is the use of general anaesthesia?

• General anaesthesia numbs the whole body during surgery.

3. Who performed the first successful cardiac surgery?

• Dr. Daniel Hale Williams performed the first successful cardiac surgery.

4. What is the ‘Da Vinci’ used for?

• The Da Vinci is the world’s most advanced surgical robot.

5. What does neurosurgery treat?

• Neurosurgery treats disorders of the brain, spine, and nervous system.

6. Who is known as the father of modern neurosurgery?

• Harvey Cushing is known as the father of modern neurosurgery.

7. What is a ‘Cushing clip’?

• It is a device to stop blood loss during neurosurgery.

8. What does ‘minimally invasive’ surgery mean?

• It means surgery done with tiny incisions and special instruments.

9. What does a sedative do?

• A sedative helps make a person calm or sleepy during treatment.

10. When did modern anaesthesia develop?

• It developed from the mid-nineteenth century.

Long Questions

1. How did the lack of anaesthesia affect early surgeries?

• Before anaesthesia, surgeries were extremely painful and risky. Patients had to endure operations without any relief from pain, leading to many complications and deaths.

2. What was the contribution of Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?

• Dr. Williams performed a successful heart surgery in 1893, saving a patient with a knife wound. His daring act proved that heart operations were possible and life-saving.

3. Why is Harvey Cushing important in the field of neurosurgery?

• Harvey Cushing introduced instruments and techniques for brain surgery, reducing death rates. He operated on over 2000 brain tumours and made neurosurgery much safer.

4. What are the benefits of robotic surgery?

• Robotic surgery uses small incisions and precise instruments, reducing recovery time. Surgeons have better control and vision, making surgeries more effective and less painful.

5. How is general anaesthesia different from local anaesthesia?

• General anaesthesia numbs the whole body, while local anaesthesia targets a specific area. Both are used based on the type and extent of the surgery.

6. What challenges did doctors face before heart surgery was developed?

• Without tools and knowledge, heart patients were treated with sedatives but rarely survived. Surgery on the heart was not possible until techniques improved in the late 19th century.

7. How does the Da Vinci robot assist in surgery?

• The Da Vinci robot uses tiny arms and a 3-D camera, controlled by the surgeon from a console. It increases precision and allows surgeons to work more safely and effectively.

8. What were the early practices in ancient surgery?

• In ancient times, surgeries like tooth extraction and bloodletting were done. Surgeons like Sushruta practiced plastic surgery even around 600 BC.

9. What makes neurosurgery a cutting-edge field today?

• Modern neurosurgery can treat strokes, tumours, and nerve issues using advanced tools. Techniques developed by pioneers like Cushing have made it very successful.

10. How does a surgeon control the robotic arms during surgery?

• The surgeon places their fingers on master controls and watches a 3-D monitor. Every movement is precisely matched by the robot, giving great control.