Notes Class 8 Chapter 8 Geography Maharashtra Board

Notes For All Chapters – Geography Class 8

Industries

1. Introduction to Industries

• Industries refer to the process of converting raw materials into finished products in factories.
• The finished product is more durable, useful, and valuable than raw materials.
• Industries provide secondary occupation and contribute to the economic development of a country.
• Development of industries boosts economic growth and improves the standard of living.

2. Types of Industries

Industries are classified based on various factors:

(a) Agro-Based Industries

• Industries that depend on agricultural products for raw materials.
• Examples:
  • Dairy industry – Milk and milk-based products.
  • Fruit processing – Juices, jams, and pickles.
  • Food processing – Canned and packaged foods.
  • Sugar industry – Sugar production from sugarcane.

(b) Mineral-Based Industries

• Industries that use minerals as raw materials.
• Examples:
  • Iron and Steel Industry – Uses iron ore and coal.
  • Aluminium Industry – Uses bauxite.

(c) Forest-Based Industries

• Industries that use forest products as raw materials.
• Examples:
  • Paper Industry – Uses wood pulp.
  • Furniture Industry – Uses timber and wood.

(d) Small-Scale Industries

• Require less capital investment.
• Employ a small workforce.
• Examples:
  • Handicrafts
  • Book binding
  • Toy making

(e) Large-Scale Industries

• Require large capital investment.
• Employ a large workforce.
• Examples:
  • Textile Industry
  • Automobile Industry
  • Oil Refineries

(f) IT-Based Industries

• Work related to data processing and software development.
• Examples:
  • Software development
  • Data analysis
  • Web development

3. Factors Affecting Industrial Development

The following factors affect the growth and location of industries:

(a) Availability of Raw Material

• Industries are located near sources of raw materials to reduce transportation costs.
• Example: The iron and steel industry in Jamshedpur is located near iron ore mines.

(b) Labour

• Availability of skilled and unskilled labour is essential for efficient production.

(c) Capital

• Industries require capital investment for infrastructure, machinery, and raw materials.

(d) Transport and Communication

• Efficient transport and communication systems help in the easy movement of raw materials and finished products.

(e) Water and Power Supply

• Water is required for processing, cooling, and cleaning.
• Uninterrupted electricity supply ensures smooth production.

(f) Market

• Proximity to markets reduces transportation costs and ensures higher profits.

4. Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC)

• Established on 1st August 1962 by the Maharashtra government.
• Aimed at decentralizing industries across Maharashtra.
• Provides facilities such as:
  • Water and electricity at concessional rates.
  • Tax benefits.
  • Infrastructure development.
• Encouraged the growth of auxiliary industries.
• Generated employment opportunities for local people.

5. Importance of Industrial Development

• Boosts economic growth by increasing national income.
• Creates employment opportunities.
• Increases per capita income.
• Promotes exports and increases foreign exchange reserves.
• Improves the standard of living.

6. Information Technology (IT) Industry

• IT industry is based on data processing, software development, and internet-based services.
• India has made rapid progress due to the availability of skilled manpower.
• IT services include:
  • Software development
  • Data analysis
  • Web development
  • Communication technology
• Major IT hubs in India:
  • Bengaluru
  • Hyderabad
  • Noida
  • Pune

7. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• When industries work for the betterment of society, it is called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
• Industries earning more than ₹5 crores annually are required to spend 2% of their profits on CSR activities.
• CSR areas include:
  • Education – Establishing schools and training centres.
  • Health – Providing medical facilities and health camps.
  • Environment – Tree plantation, pollution control, and waste management.
  • Community Development – Village development, building infrastructure.

8. Industrialization and the Environment

Industrial development has both positive and negative effects on the environment:

Positive Effects:

• Employment opportunities
• Increased standard of living
• Improved infrastructure

Negative Effects:

• Air and water pollution
• Noise pollution
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion

Solutions to Control Pollution:

• Proper disposal of industrial waste.
• Recycling and reusing waste.
• Installation of pollution control equipment.
• Promoting eco-friendly production methods.

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrialization

Advantages:

• Increases income and wealth.
• Creates direct and indirect employment.
• Improves infrastructure and technology.

Disadvantages:

• Causes pollution and environmental damage.
• Increases urbanization and overcrowding.
• Leads to unequal regional development.

10. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Laws

• Industrial pollution includes:
  • Air pollution
  • Water pollution
  • Noise pollution
  • Soil pollution
• Environmental Protection Laws:
  • Water and Air Pollution Control Act
  • Environmental Protection Act
• Central Pollution Control Board – Monitors pollution levels and enforces regulations.

11. Solutions to Environmental Issues

• Use of renewable energy sources.
• Efficient waste management.
• Promoting green technology and eco-friendly production.
• Reducing emissions through better manufacturing techniques.