Geography Notes Chapter 9 Trade Class 9 Maharashtra Board

Notes For All Chapters – Geography Class 9th

What is Trade?

• Trade is the buying and selling of goods and services to meet people’s needs.
• We use many things daily, like food, clothes, and books. To get them, we buy from shops or markets. This creates demand.
• Producers make these goods and supply them to sellers, who then sell them to us, the consumers. This process is called trade.
• Example: Apples grown in Jammu and Kashmir are sold in other states where people need them.

How Does Trade Happen?

1. Daily Commodities:

• Make a list of things you use every day (e.g., rice, soap, clothes).
• Who uses them? (You, your family, etc.)
• Where do they come from? (Farms, factories, etc.)
• Where do you buy them? (Shops, markets, malls)
• What is buying and selling called? (Trade)
• What does the shopkeeper take? (Money)

2. Journey of Commodities:

• Goods start at farms or factories.
• They go to wholesale markets, then to shops, and finally to us.
• Example: Mangoes from an orchard go to a wholesaler, then to a shop near you.

3. Why Trade Happens:

• No place has everything it needs. Some areas have extra goods, while others don’t have enough.
• Trade moves goods from places with extra (supply) to places that need them (demand).

History of Trade

• Long ago, people used the barter system-swapping goods without money (e.g., grains for oil).
• Problems: It was hard to decide the value of goods.
• Solution: Money was invented, and now we use it for trade.
• Barter still happens in some remote tribal areas.

Types of Trade

Based on Goods or Services:

• Visible Trade: Buying and selling things you can see (e.g., vegetables, books).
• Invisible Trade: Paying for services, not goods (e.g., a haircut, movie ticket, doctor’s advice).

Based on Quantity:

• Wholesale Trade: Buying and selling large amounts of goods (e.g., a trader buys tons of mangoes from a farmer).
• Retail Trade: Selling small amounts to consumers (e.g., a shopkeeper sells you a few mangoes).

Based on Region:

• Domestic (Internal) Trade: Trade within one country.
  • Local: Between nearby places (e.g., village to town).
  • Regional: Between states (e.g., Maharashtra to Punjab).
  • National: Across the whole country.
• International Trade: Trade between countries.
  • Bilateral: Between two countries (e.g., India and Japan).
  • Multilateral: Between many countries.

Export and Import:

• Export: Selling extra goods to other countries (e.g., India sends rice to Japan).
• Import: Buying goods from other countries (e.g., India buys oil from Saudi Arabia).

Balance of Trade

• It’s the difference between a country’s exports and imports.

1. Favourable Balance: Exports > Imports (more money coming in).
2. Unfavourable Balance: Imports > Exports (more money going out).
3. Balanced Trade: Exports = Imports (equal money in and out).

International Trade Organisations

These groups help make trade between countries easier and fairer.

Examples:

WTO (World Trade Organisation):

• Location: Geneva, Switzerland
• Helps countries talk about trade, solve problems, and train developing nations.

ASEAN:

• Location: Jakarta, Indonesia
• Helps Southeast Asian countries grow trade and peace.

SAARC:

• Location: Kathmandu, Nepal
• Works for better living and cooperation in South Asia.

OPEC:

• Location: Vienna, Austria
• Controls oil trade and prices.

APEC:

• Location: Singapore
• Boosts trade in the Asia-Pacific region.

BRICS:

• Location: Shanghai, China
• Helps Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa grow economically.

Marketing

What is it?:

Marketing is how goods go from producers to consumers. It includes making goods look good, advertising, and selling them.

Why is it important for farmers?:

• Farmers like Dhondiba grew great vegetables but got low prices.
• His son cleaned, packed, and sold them to a supermarket, which advertised them. Prices went up!
• Good marketing = better prices and more demand.

How it works:

• Clean and pack products nicely.
• Advertise them (e.g., on TV, in stores).
• Sell to the right places (e.g., malls).

Tips for Farmers:

• Grade products (best quality first).
• Use attractive packaging.
• Advertise locally or in markets.

Consumer Protection:

• Ads must be honest. Fake ads cheat people.
• Laws like the Consumer Protection Act stop this and help buyers get fair deals.