Notes For All Chapters – History Class 9
1. Unrest in Punjab
Akali Dal was the main political party in Punjab.
In 1973, it passed the ‘Anandpur Sahib Resolution’, demanding:
Chandigarh to be part of Punjab.
Punjabi-speaking areas to be included in Punjab.
More Sikhs in the Indian Army.
More autonomy for Punjab.
Khalistan Movement (1980s):
Demand for a separate Sikh nation called Khalistan.
Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale led the movement.
Golden Temple became a stronghold for armed separatists.
Operation Blue Star (1984):
Indian Army removed terrorists from the Golden Temple.
Led by Major General Kuldeep Singh Brar.
Bhindranwale and many others were killed.
Another operation, Black Thunder (1986), was done to remove remaining terrorists.
2. Issues in North-East India
The North-East includes 8 states:
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.
These states have different ethnic groups, languages, and cultures.
Mizoram Issue:
1959: Severe famine in Mizoram.
Laldenga helped people and formed Mizo National Front (MNF) in 1961.
MNF wanted Greater Mizoram (including parts of Manipur, Tripura, and Assam).
In 1966, MNF declared an Independent Mizoram.
Indira Gandhi sent the Indian Army to suppress the rebellion.
1985: Peace agreement was signed, and Mizoram became a full state in India.
Nagaland Issue:
1946: Naga National Council (NNC) was formed.
Led by Angami Zapu Phizo, they demanded an independent Nagaland.
1954: NNC declared an independent federation of Nagaland.
Many clashes with Indian forces happened.
1963: Nagaland became a full-fledged state in India.
Assam Issue:
Many Bengali migrants had settled in Assam.
All Assam Students Union (AASU) protested in 1983 against illegal migrants.
1985: Assam Accord was signed by Rajiv Gandhi.
It was decided to send illegal Bangladeshi migrants back.
Arunachal Pradesh Issue:
Earlier part of North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA).
1972: Became Arunachal Pradesh.
1987: Became a full state of India.
3. Naxalism
Started in Naxalbari (West Bengal) in 1967.
Poor farmers and laborers took land from landlords and declared it free territory.
Main objectives:
Stop exploitation of farmers.
Give land to poor people.
Later, Naxalites used violence and rejected democracy.
They formed People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA).
Naxalism spread to Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
Still a major security problem in India.
4. Communalism
Communalism means extreme religious pride.
The British encouraged communalism to divide people.
Problems caused by communalism:
People of different religions do not trust each other.
Leads to religious riots.
Public property is damaged.
National unity is weakened.
How to fight communalism?
Respect all religions.
Live in harmony with others.
Do not mix religion with politics.
Find real reasons behind problems (like economic or political issues).
5. Regionalism
Regionalism means extreme love for one’s region.
If someone thinks their region is superior, it causes problems.
Reasons for regionalism:
Some states developed more (like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab).
Some states remained backward (like Bihar, Odisha, Assam).
Effects of regionalism:
People in backward states feel left out.
People in developed states feel superior.
Hurts national unity.
How to reduce regionalism?
Balanced development in all states.
Better education and job opportunities in backward areas.
Unity among all Indians.
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