Science and Technology Class 9 Question Answers Chapter 5 महाराष्ट्र Board

Acids, Bases and Salts

1. Identify the odd one out and justify.

(a) Chloride, nitrate, hydride, ammonium

Answer:
Ammonium is the odd one out as it is a basic radical and rest all are acidic radicals. Generally, basic radicals are formed by the removal of electrons from the atom of metals such as Na⁺, Cu²⁺. But there are some exceptions, such as NH₄⁺.

(b) Hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, ammonia

Answer:
Hydrogen chloride is the odd one out. It is acidic and rest all are basic.

(c) Acetic acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid

Answer:
Carbonic acid is the odd one out. It is a dibasic acid and rest are all monobasic acids.

(d) Ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate

Answer:
Ammonium chloride is the odd one out, as it is made up of a strong acid and weak base and rest all are formed from strong acid and strong base.

(e) Sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride

Answer:
Sodium carbonate is the odd one out, as it is made up of a weak acid and strong base, and rest all are formed from strong acid and strong base.

(f) Calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium oxide.

Answer:
Zinc oxide is the odd one out, as it is an amphoteric oxide, and rest all are basic oxides.

(g) Crystalline blue vitriol, crystalline common salt, crystalline ferrous sulphate, crystalline sodium carbonate.

Answer:
Crystalline common salt is the odd one out, as it does not contain water of crystallisation. It is an ionic compound and ionic compounds are crystalline in nature and rest all have their crystalline structure because of their water of crystallization.

(h) Sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide, acetic acid, sodium acetate.

Answer:
Acetic acid is the odd one out. It is an acid, the rest are all salts.

2. Write down the changes that will be seen in each instance and explain the reason behind it.

(a) 50ml water is added to 50ml solution of copper sulphate.

Answer:

• Copper sulphate solution is blue. It is a concentrated solution.
• When 50 ml of water is added to this concentrated solution, it becomes a diluted solution.
• The intensity of the blue colour is now different in this homogenous mixture.

(b) Two drops of the indicator phenolphthalein were added to 10ml solution of sodium hydroxide.

Answer:

• Sodiumhy droxide is a base and phenolphthalein is a synthetic indicator.
• Sodium hydroxide solution will turn pink if phenolphthalein is added to it.
• It is a test for identifying bases.

(c) Two or three filings of copper were added to 10ml dilute nitric acid and stirred.

Answer:

When copper metal reacts with dilute nitric acid, the metal does not displace hydrogen from the acid like reaction with other metals. Instead the reaction produces nitric oxide, (NO).

(d) A litmus paper was dropped into 2ml dilute HCl. Then 2ml concentrated NaOH was added to it and stirred.

Answer:

Blue litmus Paper:

• HCl is hydrochloric acid, so the blue litmus turns red.
• When equal amount of NaOH is added the colour again changes to blue and remains the same.

Red litmus paper:

• Red litmus paper shows no colour change in hydrochloric acid.
• When some amount of NaOH is added the colour changes to blue initially but when the amount of NaOH is sufficient the blue colour dissappears.
• Equal amounts of HC1 and NaOH results in the formation of NaCl, a salt, and the solvent water. This reaction is called the neutralization reaction.

(e) Magnesium oxide was added to dilute HCl and magnesium oxide was a added to dilute NaOH.

Answer:

(i) Magnesium oxide + dil HCl.
This is a neutralization reaction. Magnesium oxide is an insoluble base, it reacts with dilute HCl to produce a soluble salt MgCl₂ and water H₂O.
MgO(s)+2HCl(aq)⟶MgCl2(aq)+H2O(n)

(ii) Magnesium oxide + NaOH.
No chemical reaction takes place between magnesium oxide and sodium hydroxide.

(f) Zinc oxide was added to dilute HCl and zinc oxide was added to dilute NaOH.

Answer:

• Zinc oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and water. It is a neutralization reaction.
  ZnO(s)+2HCl(aq)⟶ZnCl2(aq)+H2O(l)
• Zinc oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium zincate and water.
  ZnO(s)+2NaOH(aq)⟶Na2ZnO2(aq)+H2O(t)

(g) Dilute HCl was added to limestone.

Answer:

• When hydrochloric acid is added to limestone, carbon dioxide is liberated. Limestone is calcium carbonate.
  CaCO₃ + 2 HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O
• Carbon dioxide is prepared in the laboratory using these chemicals.

(h) Pieces of blue vitriol were heated in a test tube. On cooling, water was added to it.

Answer:

• On heating, the crystalline structure of blue vitriol breaks down to form a colourless powder and water is released.
• This water is part of the crystal structure of blue vitriol.
• It is called water of crystallization.
• On adding water to the white powder, a solution was formed which has the same colour as the copper sulphate salt solution.

(i) Dilute H₂SO₄ was taken in an electrolytic cell and electric current was passed through it.

Answer:

• If pure water is used in the electrolytic cell, current does not flow even on putting on the switch.
• Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. Dilute H₂SO₄ is acidulated water.
• The electrical conductivity of water increases on mixing with strong acid or base in it due to their dissociation and electrolysis of water takes place.
• H₂SO₄ is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. H2SO4⟶2H++SO2−4
• H₂O is a weak electrolyte and is only slightly dissociated H2O⟶H++OH−
• During electrolysis, the hydrogen ions migrate towards the cathode and are discharged there.

[H+ ions gains electrons and are converted to hydrogen gas]
2H++2e−⟶H2( g)

Cathode reaction: 2H2O(i)+2e−⟶H2( g)+2OH−(aq)

Anode reaction: 2H2O(l)⟶O2( g)+4H+(aq)+4e

• For every hydrogen ion discharged at the anode, another hydrogen ion is formed at the cathode.
• The net result is that the concentration of the sulphuric acid remains constant and electrolysis of water is overall reaction. 2H2O⟶2H2+O2
• The volume of the hydrogen gas formed near the cathode is double that of the oxygen gas formed near the anode.

3. Classify the following oxides into three types and name the types.

CaO, MgO, CO₂, SO₃, Na₂O, ZnO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃

Answer:

There are three types of oxides : Basic oxides, Acidic oxides and Amphoteric oxides.

Generally metal oxides are basic in nature.
Exception : Al₂O₃ and ZnO are amphoteric oxides.
Generally non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.

4. Explain by drawing a figure of the electronic configuration.

a. Formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine.

Answer:

b. Formation of a magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine.

Answer:

5. Show the dissociation of the following compounds on dissolving in water, with the help of chemical equation and write whether the proportion of dissociation is small or large.

Hydrochloric acid, Sodium chloride, Potassium hydroxide, Ammonia, Acetic acid, Magnesium chloride, Copper sulphate.

Answer:

(a) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

• HCl(g) Water / dissociation >H+(aq)+Cl−(aq)
• Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, as on dissolving in water, it dissociates almost completely and the resulting aqueous solution contains mainly H ions and the concerned acidic radical.
• The proportion of dissociation is large.

(b) Sodium chloride (NaC1)

• NaCl(s) Water  dissociation >Na+(aq)+Cl−(aq) 
• When an ionic compound begins to dissolve in water, the water molecules push themselves in between the positive and negative ions of the compound and separate them from each other.
• The proportion of dissociation is large.

(c) Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

• KOH(n) Water  dissociation K+(aq)+OH(aq)
• Potassium hydroxide is a strong base, as on dissolving in water, it dissociates almost completely and the resulting aqueous solution contains mainly OH⁺ ions and the concerned basic radical.
• The proportion of dissociation is large.

(d) Ammonia (NH₃)
(i) NH3( g)+H2O(n− Water  uissociation >NH+4 (aq) +OH−(aq) 
(ii) Ammonia dissolves in water to form NH₄OH (ammonium hydroxide). NH₄OH does not dissociate completely as it is a weak base. The aqueous solution contains a small proportion of OH^– ions and the concerned basic radical along with a large proportion of undissociated molecules of the base i.e. NH₄OH.
(iii) The proportion of dissociation is small.

(e) Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)

• CH3COOH(l) Water  dissociation CH3COO(aq) +H(az)++
• Acetic acid is a weak acid, on dissolving in water it does not dissociate completely, and the resulting aqueous solution contains H⁺ ion and the concerned acidic radical in small proportion along with large proportion of the undissociated molecules of the acid.
• The proportion of dissociation is small.

(f) Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂)

• MgCl2( s) Water  dissociation >Mg2+ (aq) +2Cl−(aq) 
• Magnesium chloride dissolves in water and forms magnesium ions and chloride ions. When an ionic compound begins to dissolve in water, the water molecules push themselves in between the ions of the compound and separate them from each other.
• The proportion of dissociation is large.

(g) Copper sulphate (CuSO₄)

• CuSO4(s) Water  dissociation >Cu2+(aq)+SO2−4
• When Copper sulphate is dissolved in water it forms copper ions and sulphate ions. When an ionic compound begins to dissolve in water, water molecules push themselves in between the ions of the compound and separate them from each other.
• The proportion of dissociation is large.

6. Write down the concentration of each of the following solutions in g/L and mol/L.

a. 7.3g HCl in 100ml solution

b. 2g NaOH in 50ml solution

c. 3g CH₃COOH in 100ml solution

d. 4.9g H₂SO₄ in 200ml solution

Answer:

To find : The concentration in g/L.

7. Answer the following questions.

a. Classify the acids according to their basicity and give one example of each type.

Answer:

• Basicity of acids : The number of H⁺ ions obtainable by the dissociation of one molecule of an acid is called its basicity. The acids are classified as monobasic, dibasic and tribasic acids based on the number of H⁺ ions present.
• Examples of monobasic acid : HCl, HNO₃, CH₃COOH
• Examples of dibasic acid: H₂SO₄, H₂CO₃
• Examples of tribasic acid: H₃BO₃, H₃PO₄

b. What is meant by neutralization? Give two examples from everyday life of the neutralization reaction.

Answer:

• In neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water.
• In a neutralisation reaction the acid dissociates to form H⁺ ions and base dissociates to form OH ions.
• They combine to form H₂O molecules which mixes with the solvent.

Examples in daily life:

• When people suffer from acidity, they take some antacids to neutralise the acid in their stomach.
• If an ant stings us the pain is due to formic acid. It is neutralised by rubbing moist baking soda which is basic in nature.

c. Explain what is meant by electrolysis of water. Write the electrode reactions and explain them.

Answer:

Electrolysis of water:

• Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to an electric current being passed through acidified water.
• Cathode reaction:
  2H2O(l)+2e−⟶H2( g)+2OH(aq
• Anode reaction:
  2H2O(l)⟶O2( g)+4H+(aq)+4e−
• It is found that the volume of gas formed near the cathode is double that of the gas formed near the anode.
• Hydrogen gas is formed near the cathode and oxygen gas near the anode.
• From this, it is clear that electrolysis of water has taken place and its constituent element have been released.

8. Write the chemical equations for the following activities.

(a) NaOH solution was added to HCl solution.

Answer:

When NaOH reacts with HCl, it gives NaCl and water.

(b) Zinc dust was added to dilute H₂SO₄.

Answer:

When zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid, it forms zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas is liberted.

(c) Dilute nitric acid was added to calcium oxide.

Answer:

When dilute nitric acid reacts with calcium oxide, it forms calcium nitrate and water.

9. State the differences.

a. Acids and bases

Answer:

b. Cation and anion

Answer:

c. the Negative electrode and the positive electrode.

Answer:

10. Classify aqueous solutions of the following substances according to their pH into three groups : 7, more than 7, less than 7.

Common salt, sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide, potassium bromide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, vinegar, sodium carbonate, ammonia, sulphur dioxide.

Answer: