CBSE Class 10 Solutions, MCQ, Notes, Sample Papers & Syllabus

Mathematics Class 10
Science Class 10
Hindi Class 10
Economics Class 10
Geography Class 10
Civics Class 10
History Class 10

Notes Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Political Parties

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 10 CBSE Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Political parties are one of the most visible institutions of democracy. For ordinary citizens, democracy is almost equal to political parties. They are criticized for failures but are also essential for the functioning of democracy. Two key […]

Notes Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Gender, Religion and Caste

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 10 CBSE Overview Democracy thrives on diversity; social differences don’t threaten it. But when these differences turn into divisions and inequalities, they can influence politics. Three main forms of social division in India: Gender Religion Caste The chapter explores how these differences are expressed in politics and whether their […]

Notes Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 10 Homogeneous Society: A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences, for example, Germany and Sweden. ‘Migrant’: Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other opportunities, […]

Notes Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 10 CBSE 1. What is Federalism? Definition: Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units (states/provinces). Features: There are usually two levels of government: Government for the entire country (Union/National government). Governments at the level of provinces or […]

Notes Class 9 Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 10 CBSE 1. Overview Democracy does not allow all power to rest with one organ of government. Sharing of power among legislature, executive, and judiciary is essential. Power sharing avoids conflicts and strengthens democracy. Two case studies: Belgium and Sri Lanka. 2. Belgium and Sri Lanka Belgium A small […]

Notes Class 10 History CBSE

Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Notes Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes Chapter 3 The Making of Global World Class 10 Notes Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Notes Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Notes  

Society and History Novels Notes Chapter 8 Class 10 History

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 The Rise of the Novel: Novel is a modem form of literature. It is born because of print which is a mechanical invention. Novels could reach a larger audience because of print. Novels began to be written from the 17th century and flowered in the 18th century. New […]

Print Culture and Modern World Notes Chapter 5 Class 10 History

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 CBSE Introduction Today, print is everywhere – books, newspapers, advertisements, calendars, posters, diaries, journals, etc. But there was a time when print did not exist. Print has a long history that shaped the modern world. This chapter explains: The beginnings of print in East Asia Its spread to […]

Notes Class 10 History Chapter 6 Work, Life and Leisure

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 Role of industrialization in shaping of the modem cities in England: The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large numbers of migrants to the textile mills set up in the eighteenth century. During the 18th and 19th centuries, London became a center for […]

Notes Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 CBSE Introduction In 1900, E.T. Paull published a picture called Dawn of the Century showing the “Angel of Progress” with symbols of modernity like the railway, camera, printing press, and factory. Another image (Two Magicians) showed Aladdin representing the East and the past, while a modern mechanic represented […]

Notes Class 10 History Chapter 3 The Making of Global World

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 CBSE Introduction Globalisation today refers to worldwide economic, social, and cultural connections. But globalisation has a long history of: Trade of goods and ideas Migration of people for work Spread of crops, inventions, and even diseases Human societies have been interconnected since ancient times. 1. The Pre-modern World […]

Nationalism in India Notes Chapter 2 Class 10 History

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 CBSE 1. Growth of Nationalism in India Nationalism in India was closely linked with the anti-colonial struggle. People realized their unity through common suffering under colonial rule. The Indian National Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to bring together different groups. Nationalism meant different things to different groups, so […]

Notes Class 10 History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 INDO-CHINA: Comprises of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia — French colony. Views of Paul Bernard: Paul Bernard was an influential writer and policy-maker who strongly believed that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits. According to him, the development of economy will raise the standard of people […]

Notes Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Notes For All Chapters History Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction: Frédéric Sorrieu’s Vision (1848) In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, made 4 prints showing his utopian vision of a world of democratic and social republics. First Print: People of Europe and America march towards the Statue of Liberty. Liberty = female figure holding: Torch […]

Notes Class 10 Science CBSE All Chapters

Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Class 10 Notes Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Notes Chapter 5 Life Processes Class 10 Notes Chapter 6 Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes Chapter 7 How do Organisms Reproduce […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 Anything in the environment which can be used is called a natural resource. Natural Resources includes total natural environment that support human life and contribute to the production of necessities and comforts to mankind. So natural resources are the coihponents of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Types of Natural […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Our Environment

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Ecosystem – What are its Components? Definition of Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a system where all organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms, humans) interact with the physical surroundings. It maintains a balance in nature. It includes: Biotic components (living): plants, animals, microbes. Abiotic components (non-living): temperature, rainfall, soil, […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 14 Sources of Energy

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 Acids: Indicators, General characteristics, Properties of acids, Chemical nature of acids. Sources of Energy: A source of energy is that which is capable of providing enough useful energy at a steady rate over a long period of time. A Good source of energy should be : Safe and convenient to […]

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Notes Chapter 12 Class 10 Science

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Electric current produces various effects — heating, chemical, and magnetic effects. A current-carrying conductor behaves like a magnet. Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851): Discovered in 1820 that a compass needle deflects when a current passes through a nearby conductor. Proved that electricity and magnetism are related. […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 11 Electricity

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction to Electricity Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in homes, schools, hospitals, industries, etc. It is essential for lighting, heating, operating machines, communication, and numerous modern applications. This chapter deals with: Electric current and circuits Potential difference Resistance and Ohm’s Law […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Human Eye and Colourful World

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. The Human Eye – Structure and Function The human eye is a vital and sensitive sense organ that enables us to see the world and its colours. It functions like a camera, forming an image on a light-sensitive screen called the retina. Light Path through the […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Light Reflection and Refraction

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction to Light Light makes objects visible; in darkness, objects are invisible. Light enables us to see by reflection (object reflects light to eyes) and transmission (through transparent media). Common phenomena related to light: Image formation in mirrors Twinkling of stars Rainbow colours Bending of light […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 8 Heredity

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Basic Concept of Heredity Heredity = Transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Reproduction produces new individuals that: Look similar to parents. Show some differences/variations. Variation = Small changes in DNA or traits that make organisms different. Importance of heredity: Maintains species characteristics. Produces variations → […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 7 How do Organisms Reproduce

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual (unlike nutrition, respiration, excretion). It ensures the continuation of species. Organisms reproduce to create new individuals of the same kind. Key Point: Reproduction is linked with the transfer of DNA (genetic information). 2. Do Organisms […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Control and Coordination

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Living organisms show movements as a response to changes in the environment. Movements can be: Growth-based (e.g., seed germination) Non-growth-based (e.g., cat running, humans reacting to stimuli) Controlled movement ensures appropriate response to specific environmental changes. Control and coordination in organisms are essential for: Receiving […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Life Process

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Living organisms show movement, growth, and molecular activity. Maintenance of life requires continuous molecular movements. These include processes like nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. 2. What Are Life Processes? Life processes: Basic functions essential to maintain life. Even when at rest, organisms perform life processes […]

Periodic Classification of Elements Notes Chapter 5 Class 10 Science

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 “The periodic table is a tabular method of displaying the elements in such a way, that the elements having similar properties occur in the same vertical column or group”. Earlier attempts of the classification of elements: Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s law of octaves. Dobereiner’s Triads: This classification is based on […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Carbon is one of the most important elements in our daily life. Found in food, clothing, medicines, fuels, books, living organisms. Abundance in nature: Earth’s crust → 0.02% (carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal, petroleum). Atmosphere → 0.03% (CO₂). Despite small amount, it forms millions of compounds. Reason […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Classification of Elements Elements are broadly classified into metals and non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties. Metals: e.g. Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Sodium, Zinc, Gold, Silver. Non-Metals: e.g. Carbon, Sulphur, Iodine, Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc. 2. Physical Properties Metals Lustre – Shiny surface (metallic lustre). Malleability […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction Substances taste sour due to acids and bitter due to bases. Acids and bases neutralise each other’s effects. Indicators are used to identify acids and bases. Natural indicators: Litmus, turmeric, red cabbage, Hydrangea, Petunia, Geranium. Synthetic indicators: Phenolphthalein, methyl orange. Olfactory indicators: Substances that change […]

Notes Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 10 CBSE 1. Introduction In daily life we see many changes: Milk turns sour in summer. Iron objects rust in moist air. Grapes ferment to form alcohol. Cooking and digestion of food. Respiration in our body. In all these, the nature and identity of substances change. These are chemical […]

Notes Class 10 Maths CBSE PDF Dwonload

Chapter 1 Real Numbers Class 10 Notes Chapter 2 Polynomials Class 10 Notes Chapter 3 Pair of Linear equations in Two Variables Class 10 Notes Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Class 10 Notes Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Class 10 Notes Chapter 6 Triangles Class 10 Notes Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry Class 10 Notes Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Class 10 Notes Chapter 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry […]