Notes For All Chapters Economics Class 10 CBSE
1. Understanding Development
- Development means progress or improvement in the living standard of people and the nation.
- People always think about:
- How life can be better,
- What they want to achieve,
- How society should be,
- Whether equality and justice exist.
- Development is not just about money but also about social, political, and environmental well-being.
- It is a complex process involving economic growth, social justice, equality, and sustainability.
2. Different People, Different Goals
- People have different developmental goals depending on their needs, desires, and situations.
- Example:
- Landless labourer: More days of work, better wages, quality education, and no discrimination.
- Prosperous farmer: Higher income, higher crop prices, and better opportunities for children.
- Urban unemployed youth: Employment opportunities.
- Rich urban girl: Equal freedom as her brother, chance to study abroad.
- Key point:
- What may be development for one person may not be development for another.
- Sometimes, one’s development goal can conflict with another’s.
- Example: Industrialists want big dams for electricity, but tribals lose land due to submergence.
3. Income and Other Goals
- Income is an important goal, but not the only one.
- People also want:
- Equal treatment,
- Freedom,
- Security,
- Respect,
- Dignity.
- Non-material things (respect, security, freedom, healthy environment) are equally important.
- Example:
- A job with less income but job security may be preferred over high-paying but insecure work.
- Women’s dignity increases with work participation, but respect and equality at home are equally important.
4. National Development
- Like individuals, different people may have different notions of what national development should mean.
- Conflicts may arise:
- Example: Government builds a dam → good for industries but bad for displaced villagers.
- Fair and just development must benefit the majority of people and balance interests.
5. Comparing Different Countries or States
- Comparison requires indicators.
- Commonly used: Average Income / Per Capita Income.
- Formula:
- World Bank Classification (2019):
- Rich/High-Income: Per capita income ≥ US $49,300 per annum.
- Low-Income: Per capita income ≤ US $2,500 per annum.
- India: US $6,700 → Low Middle-Income Country.
- Limitations:
- Average income does not show income distribution.
- Example: Country A (equal distribution) vs. Country B (one very rich, rest poor) → both same average but very different situations.
6. Income and Other Criteria
- Development cannot be measured only by income.
- Example: Haryana vs Kerala vs Bihar (2018–19 data):
- Haryana: Highest income (₹2,36,147).
- Kerala: Lower income but better health and education (low Infant Mortality Rate, high literacy, high attendance ratio).
- Bihar: Lowest income, poor in health and education indicators.
- Conclusion:
- Public facilities like schools, hospitals, sanitation, and clean environment are essential.
- Income alone cannot ensure well-being.
7. Public Facilities
- Many important things cannot be bought individually (clean air, safe water, public health).
- Example:
- Infant Mortality Rate in Kerala is lower because of good healthcare.
- Collective provision (like schools, healthcare, PDS ration shops) is cheaper and better than private provision.
8. Human Development Report (HDR)
- Published by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
- Uses Human Development Index (HDI).
Indicators in HDI:
- Income (GNI per capita, PPP $)
- Health (Life expectancy at birth)
- Education (Mean years of schooling)
Example (Table 1.6 – India & Neighbours, 2019):
- Sri Lanka: GNI $12,707, Life expectancy 77, HDI Rank 73
- India: GNI $6,681, Life expectancy 69.7, HDI Rank 130
- Nepal & Bangladesh: Lower income than India, but higher life expectancy.
9. Sustainability of Development
- Present development must not harm future generations.
- Sustainable development = Using resources wisely.
Examples:
1. Groundwater in India
- Overuse is common (Punjab, Western UP).
- In 25 years, 60% of India may face groundwater crisis.
- Overuse = Unsustainable.
2. Crude Oil Reserves (Table 1.7)
- World reserves: 1,697 billion barrels (last ~50 years).
- USA reserves: last only ~10 years.
- Oil is non-renewable, import dependence creates problems.
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