Notes Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 10 CBSE

1. Meaning of Manufacturing

• Manufacturing = Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable products.
• Examples:
  • Paper from wood
  • Sugar from sugarcane
  • Iron & steel from iron ore
  • Aluminium from bauxite
• Workers in secondary activities convert primary materials into finished goods (steel factories, breweries, bakeries, textile industries, etc.).

2. Importance of Manufacturing

• Backbone of economic development.
• Helps in:
  • Modernising agriculture and reducing dependence on it by providing jobs in secondary & tertiary sectors.
  • Reducing unemployment & poverty (reason behind public sector & joint sector industries).
  • Reducing regional disparities by setting up industries in backward/tribal areas.
  • Increasing exports & earning foreign exchange.
  • Countries converting raw materials into finished goods become more prosperous.
• Agriculture & industry are interdependent:
  • Agro-industries boost agriculture (irrigation pumps, fertilisers, pesticides, PVC pipes etc.).
  • Agriculture supplies raw materials to industries.

3. Classification of Industries

Industries can be classified on various bases:

(i) By Source of Raw Materials:

• Agro-based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textiles, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral-based: iron & steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

(ii) By Role:

• Basic/Key industries: supply raw material to other industries (iron & steel, copper, aluminium smelting).
• Consumer industries: produce goods for direct consumption (sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans).

(iii) By Capital Investment:

• Small-scale industries: maximum investment allowed is ₹1 crore (limit changes with time).

(iv) By Ownership:

• Public Sector: owned/operated by government (BHEL, SAIL).
• Private Sector: owned by individuals/groups (TISCO, Bajaj Auto).
• Joint Sector: jointly run by state + individuals (Oil India Ltd.).
• Cooperative Sector: owned/operated by producers/workers pooling resources (sugar industry in Maharashtra, coir industry in Kerala).

(v) By Bulk & Weight of Raw Materials & Finished Goods:

• Heavy industries: e.g. iron & steel.
• Light industries: use light raw materials and produce light goods e.g. electrical goods.

4. Agro-based Industries

(a) Textile Industry

• Unique position in Indian economy:
  • Large contribution to industrial production, employment, foreign exchange.
  • Self-reliant & complete value chain (from raw material to high value-added products).
• Cotton Textiles:
  • Ancient India: hand spinning, handloom weaving.
  • 18th century onwards: powerlooms used.
  • Setback during colonial period due to competition with English mill cloth.
  • Initially concentrated in Maharashtra & Gujarat due to raw cotton, markets, ports, labour, moist climate.
  • Spinning centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu; weaving decentralised to include traditional designs.
  • Handspun khadi = large employment in cottage industry.
• Jute Textiles:
  • India = largest producer of raw jute & jute goods; 2nd exporter after Bangladesh.
  • Mills mainly in West Bengal along Hugli River (factors: proximity to jute area, water transport, cheap labour, Kolkata’s banking/export facilities).
  • First jute mill: Rishra near Kolkata, 1855.

(b) Sugar Industry

• India = 2nd in sugar production, 1st in gur & khandsari.
• Raw material bulky, sucrose content reduces during haulage → mills near sugarcane fields.
• Location: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh.
• Trend: mills shifting to southern/western states (Maharashtra) due to higher sucrose content, cooler climate (longer crushing season), successful cooperatives.
• Seasonal industry → suited to cooperative sector.

5. Mineral-based Industries

(a) Iron & Steel Industry

• Basic industry for all others (machinery, engineering goods, construction, defence, scientific equipment).
• Heavy industry (raw material & finished goods bulky).
• Raw material ratio: Iron ore : Coking coal : Limestone = 4 : 2 : 1 + some manganese.
• Chhotanagpur plateau region = maximum concentration (low-cost iron ore, high-grade raw materials nearby, cheap labour, large home market).

(b) Aluminium Smelting

• 2nd most important metallurgical industry.
• Properties: light, corrosion-resistant, good heat conductor, malleable, strong alloy.
• Uses: aircraft, utensils, wires; substitute for steel, copper, zinc, lead.
• Location: Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.
• Needs regular electricity supply + assured raw material (bauxite) at low cost.

(c) Chemical Industries

• Fast growing & diversifying.
• Comprises large & small units.
• Inorganic chemicals: sulphuric acid (fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (glass, soaps, detergents, paper), caustic soda.
• Organic chemicals: petrochemicals (synthetic fibres, rubber, plastics, dyes, drugs, pharmaceuticals).
• Organic plants near oil refineries/petrochemical plants.
• Chemical industry = its own largest consumer.

(d) Fertilizer Industry

• Types: nitrogenous (urea), phosphatic (DAP), complex (NPK).
• Potash entirely imported (no reserves in India).
• Major states: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala (50% production); others: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka.

(e) Cement Industry

• Essential for construction (houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams).
• Requires bulky/heavy raw materials: limestone, silica, gypsum; also coal & power + rail transport.
• Plants strategically located (e.g. Gujarat plants for Gulf market).

(f) Automobile Industry

• Produces trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, multi-utility vehicles.
• Liberalisation brought new models, increased demand.
• Locations: Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bengaluru.

(g) Information Technology & Electronics Industry

• Products: transistor sets, TV, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers, telecommunication equipment.
• Bengaluru = Electronic Capital of India.
• Other centres: Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore, Noida.
• Major impact = employment generation; hardware & software growth key to success.

6. Industrial Pollution & Environmental Degradation

(a) Types of Pollution

1. Air Pollution: sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, smoke, sprays. Sources: chemical/paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, smelting plants, burning fossil fuels. Long-term toxic gas leaks (e.g. Bhopal Gas tragedy).
2. Water Pollution: industrial wastes/effluents from paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, refineries, tanneries, electroplating industries. Heavy metals (lead, mercury), pesticides, fertilisers, plastics.
3. Land Pollution: dumping glass, harmful chemicals, effluents, salts, garbage contaminates soil & groundwater.
4. Noise Pollution: from industrial/construction activities, machinery, generators, saws, drills. Effects: irritation, stress, hearing impairment, increased heart rate & blood pressure.

(b) Control of Environmental Degradation

• Minimise water use by reusing & recycling.
• Harvest rainwater for water requirements.
• Treat hot water & effluents before release (primary, secondary, tertiary treatment).
• Regulate groundwater use.
• Reduce air pollution: fit smoke stacks with electrostatic precipitators, filters, scrubbers; use oil/gas instead of coal.
• Reduce noise: use silencers, redesign machinery for energy efficiency, use noise-absorbing materials, earplugs.
• Adopt sustainable development:
  • Upgrade equipment, latest techniques.
  • Minimise waste, maximise ash utilisation.
  • Provide green belts for ecological balance.
  • Reduce pollution through ash pond management, waste recycling.
  • Ecological monitoring & online data management.

Example: NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)

• ISO 14001 EMS certified.
• Proactive environment protection: conserving water, oil, gas, fuels at power plants.