CBSE Class 8 MCQs, Notes, PDF Book,Solutions, Important Questions, & Previous Year Papers, Sample Papers

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Notes Class 8 Social Science Civics PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Notes II Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Notes I Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Notes II Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Notes I Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws Notes II Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws Notes I Chapter 4 Judiciary Notes II Chapter 4 […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 For the proper functioning of a country, laws are necessary. A Constitution consists of a set of rules and principles to govern the country. The Indian Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly which was formed in December 1946. The Constituent Assembly consisted of 300 members in 1946. […]

India After Independence Notes Chapter 10 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 A New and Divided Nation: India finally gained independence, but it was divided into two separate nations. This resulted in the mobilization of a large number of people. The settlement of these people and organization of princely states were the main challenges before the new nation. A Constitution […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Human Resource

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 People are a nation’s greatest resource. It is their ability and knowledge which turns them into the resource. The way in which people are spread across the earth’s surface is known as a pattern of population distribution. Nearly 90 percent of the world’s population lives in about 10% […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 8 The Making of the National Movement

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The advent of Gandhiji: Gandhiji was 46 years old when he came to India after leading the Indians in South Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was established in December 1885. Around 72 delegates attended the first meeting of the […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 The industry refers to that economic activity which is concerned with converting the raw material or semi¬finished goods into finished goods. Industries are classified: On the basis of raw material: Agro-based industries, Mineral-based industries, Marine-based industries, Forest-based industries. On the basis of size: Small scale industries and Large […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Agriculture

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 Activities which are related to earning livelihood are called economic activities. There are three types of economic activities: Primary Activities Secondary Activities Tertiary Activities. Agriculture is a primary activity. Nearly 2/3rd of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Growing of crops, raising livestock, forestry and fishing all […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 7 Women, Caste and Reform

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Till the 19th century, the condition of Indian women was deplorable. Their condition was pathetic, which was manifested in various social evils such as child marriage, female infanticide, sati system, etc. Raja Rammohan Roy and his Brahmo Samaj were pioneers in championing the emancipation of women. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, […]

Civilising the Native Educating the Nation Notes Chapter 6 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The Tradition of Orientalists: Orientalists needed Indian scholars to teach them vernacular languages, local customs and laws and help them translate and interpret ancient texts. They believed that the ancient customs of the country and oriental learning ought to be the basis of the British rule in India. […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition. Minerals are created by natural processes such as rock formation and are concentrated in a particular area. Minerals are identified on the basis of their physical properties. They are extracted by the process of mining. […]

Weavers, Iron Smelters & Factory Owners Notes Chapter 6 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The industrialization of Britain had a close connection with the conquest and colonization of India. From the 16th century, European trading companies began buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe. Printed cotton clothes were called chintz, cossies or khassa and bandanna. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Nawabs lose their power: Nawabs and Rajas lost their powers to the East India Company. Residents stationed at Indian states worked effectively so that Indian states didn’t join against the East India Company. Negotiations were put down by the East India Company, which was aiming to rule Delhi. […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus & the Vision of a Golden Age

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Affect of Colonial rule: The tribal life was disrupted in many ways by the colonial rule. There was a significant change experienced by the tribal people after they came into contact with the colonial rule and the outsiders whom they described as ‘Dikus’. Some of them were hunters […]

Ruling the Countryside Notes Chapter 3 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Britain turns to India: As the demand for Indigo grew in Europe, East India Company turned to India for its supply by extending the cultivated area under it. Many of the company officials found it so profitable that they left their jobs. Demand of Indian Indigo: India had […]

From Trade to Territory Notes Chapter 2 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 East India Company Comes East: In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to East India Company for a monopoly of trade with nations in the east. Trading companies made efforts to maximise profit by eliminating rivals in trade. East India Company Begins Trade in Bengal: The first […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science Geography PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 Resources Notes II Chapter 1 Resources Notes I Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Notes II Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Notes I Chapter 3 Agriculture Notes II Chapter 3 Agriculture Notes I Chapter 4 Industries Notes II Chapter 4 Industries Notes […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Resources

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 Resources: Anything that has some utility to satisfy our needs is known as a resource. Human beings are important resources because their ideas, knowledge and skills lead to the creation of new resources. Types of Resources: There are three types of resources—Natural resources, Man-made resources and Human resources. […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science History PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 How, When and Where  Notes II Chapter 1 How, When and Where Notes I Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory  Notes II Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Notes I Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside  Notes II Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Notes I Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-volume work—A History of British India. In this, he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. This periodization came to be widely accepted. We try and divide history into different periods […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water

What is air? Air is a combination of different gases that form the atmosphere of the Earth. The constituents of air are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases such as helium, ozone, argon etc (0.04%) along with dust particles, pollens and spores. This constituent of air may vary on other […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System

Celestial bodies The Universe includes all the stars, planets and galaxies and its size is unknown. However, there is a spherical region of the universe that can be observed from the Earth which is called Observable Universe. This Observable Universe comprises of different physical objects that occur naturally on their own. These objects are called […]

Light Notes Chapter 16 Class 8

What makes things visible? We can see the world through our eyes or our sense of sight. However, we cannot see anything without the light, that is, in darkness. When light falls upon or is emitted by an object our eyes detect that light and hence the object becomes visible to us.       […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena

A Natural Phenomenon is anything that occurs on its own in nature without any kind of human intervention. For example, the weather of a place, fog, storms, winds, tides, volcanic eruptions and cyclones all can be categorized as natural phenomena. Some natural phenomena can be destructive such as cyclones, thunderstorms, lightning and earthquakes. However, there […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Conductors and insulators                       Figure 1 Conductors and Insulators of Electricity 1. A conductor is any material or substance that allows electricity to flow through it. 2. An insulator is any substance or material that prevents the flow of electricity through it. 3. Any substance […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 13 Sound

What is sound? A sound is a form of energy that is produced when air molecules vibrate in a particular pattern called waves. Hence, the sound is a wave. Vibration can be described as a back and forth motion of an object. Depending upon the vibrations, a sound is produced. Sound cannot be produced without […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 12 Friction

What is Friction? Friction is a force that comes into play when two surfaces come in contact with each other. The Frictional force or the force of Friction acts in the opposite direction of the motion of the object. The force of Friction opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of two moving objects.   […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

What is a Force? When a push or pull is applied to an object it is called force. A force can change the state of an object from rest to motion or vice versa. To let a force come into play, two or more objects must interact with each other.           […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Adolescence and Puberty Animals, as well as human beings, can reproduce only after a certain age or time period in their lives after growing up into an adult. This is because of changes in hormones in their bodies that make them capable of reproduction. What is adolescence? It is a time period in life when […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

a) Several processes such as circulation of blood, digestion and respiration are essential for the survival of human beings and other animals. b) Similarly, reproduction is essential to maintain the continuity in the species. c) If reproduction in animals does not take place, no similar kind of organisms will be present on the earth generation […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 8 Cell – Structure and Functions

A Cell (from Latin cella, meaning “Small Room”) is the basic Structural, Functional, and Biological unit of all known Living Organisms. A cell is the Smallest Unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the “Building Blocks of Life”. Discovery of the Cell    Figure1: Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Biosphere: Part of the Earth that supports life is called the biosphere. It is here that all living organisms exist. Biodiversity: Variety of organisms that exist on the Earth, their interrelationships, and their relationship with their environment is called the Biological Diversity and the Biodiversity. Wildlife Sanctuary: This is a protected area where animals can […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame

  Remember, when we burn magnesium ribbon in air, it produces heat and light and we get magnesium oxide. Chemical Equation for Burning of Magnesium Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide + Heat and Light 2Mg + O2 →  2MgO + ∆ Similarly, when we burn charcoal in air, it produces carbon dioxide, heat and […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum

                                           Figure 1 Classification of Resources Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas are exhaustible natural resources. They are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are fuels that are formed by fossils (or dead remains) of living organisms. What […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 4 Metals and Non-Metals

Metals and Non-metals differ in terms of their physical and chemical properties. Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals Physical Properties Metals Non-Metals Conductivity Metals (such as iron or copper) are good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals (such as coal or sulphur) are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite is an exception as it […]