Topic 1 Cell :An Overview An organism consist of one or more cells, accordingly there are two types of organisms, i.e., unicellular (composed of single cell) and multi cellular (composed of many cells). Cell Theory The cell theory was formulated by two German Scientists, Matthias Schneider and Theodore Schwinn independently. Schneider (1838) examined a large […]
CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers, Syllabus, Test Papers & NCERT Solutions
Structural Organisation in Animals Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Notes
Topic 1: Animal Tissues Tissue All cells are well organised and coordinated to work in a group. A group of similar cells along with intercellular substances perform a specific function, such an organisation is called tissue. The term ‘Tissue’ was introduced by Bichat and he is known as the father of animal histology. A tissue […]
Anatomy of Flowering Plants Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Notes
This chapter introduces the internal structure and functional organisation of higher plants. The study of internal structure of plant is called anatomy. 1. Tissues and Tissue Systems The plants have cells as their basic unit. Compared to animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall consisting of a primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and […]
Morphology of Flowering Plants Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Notes
The angiosperms or flowering plants show a large diversity in external structure called as morphology (Gk. Morphe—form; logos—study). However, they all are characterised by the presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. 1. Flowering Plants The plant body consists of a main axis, which may be branched or unbranched bearing lateral appendages. The main […]
Animal Kingdom Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Notes
There are over a million species of animals that have been described till now. These vast species have diverse structural forms. Therefore, the need for classification of animals becomes very important. 1. Animals : Features & Basis of Classification The classification helps in easy identification and also in assigning a systematic position to newly described […]
Plant Kingdom Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Notes
1.Basis of Classification and Algae, Bryophytes & Pteridophytes Our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time. Fungi and members of the Monera and Protista having cell walls have not been separated form Plantae, the earlier classifications kept them in the same kingdom. The kingdom-Plantae has been described under algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and […]
Biological Classification Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Notes
Biological classification is the scientific procedure of arranging organisms in a hierarchical series of groups and sub-groups on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities. 1.Need of Classification There have been many attempts to classify living organisms since ancient times. Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a scientific basis of classification. He used simple morphological […]
The Living World Class 11 Biology Chapter 1 Notes
1.Living World: Characteristics The earth serves as a home for diverse living organisms. The organisms live in various habitats like forests, mountains, deserts, oceans, freshwater bodies, hot springs, polar regions and almost every place of the earth. Living things possess certain characteristics, which makes Some of these important characteristics are shown in the flowchart given […]
Physics Notes for Class 11 – All Chapters
Chapter 1 Physical World Class 11 Notes Chapter 2 Units and Measurement Class 11 Notes Chapter 3 Motion in a Straight Line Class 11 Notes Chapter 4 Motion in a Plane Class 11 Notes Chapter 5 Law of Motion Class 11 Notes Chapter 6 Work, Energy and Power Class 11 Notes Chapter 7 Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Class 11 Notes […]
Waves Class 11 Physics Chapter 15 Notes
• Waves Wave is a form of disturbance which travels through a material medium due to the repeated f periodic motion of the particles of the medium about their mean positions without any actual transportation of matter. • Characteristics of wave The characteristics of waves are as follows: (i) The particles of the medium traversed […]
Oscillations Class 11 Physics Chapter 14 Notes
• Periodic Motion Motions, processes or phenomena, which repeat themselves at regular intervals, are called periodic. • Oscillatory Motion The motion of a body is said to be oscillatory motion if it moves to and fro about a fixed point after regular intervals of time. The fixed point about which the body oscillates is called […]
Kinetic Theory Class 11 Physics Chapter 13 Notes
• The kinetic theory was developed in the nineteenth century by Maxwell, Boltzman and others. Kinetic theory explains the behaviour of gases based on the idea that the gas consists of rapidly moving atoms or molecules. • Ideal Gas An ideal gas or a perfect gas is that gas which strictly obeys gas laws such […]
Thermodynamics Class 11 Physics Chapter 12 Notes
• The branch of physics which deals with the study of transformation of heat into other forms of energy and vice-versa is called thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science. It deals with bulk systems and does not go into the molecular constitution of matter. • A collection of an extremely large number of atoms or […]
Thermal Properties of Matter Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Notes
• Heat is the form of energy transferred between two (or more) systems or a system and its surroundings by virtue of temperature difference. The SI unit of heat energy transferred is expressed in joule (J). In CGS system, unit of heat is calorie and kilocalorie (kcal). 1 cal = 4.186 J and 1 kcal […]
Mechanical Properties of Fluids Class 11 Physics Chapter 10 Notes
• Fluids are the sustances which can flow e.g., liquids and gases. It does not possess definite shape. • When an object is submerged in a liquid at rest, the fluid exerts a force on its surface normally. It is called thrust of the liquid. • Pressure The thrust experienced per unit area of the surface […]
Mechanical Properties of Solids Class 11 Physics Chapter 9 Notes
• Inter molecular Force In a solid, atoms and molecules are arranged in such a way that each molecule is acted upon by the forces due to the neighbouring molecules. These forces are known as inter molecular forces. • Elasticity The property of the body to regain its original configuration (length, volume or shape) when […]
Gravitation Class 11 Physics Chapter 8 Notes
• Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Johannes Kepler formulated three laws which describe planetary motion. They are as follows: (i) Law of orbits. Each planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one of the foci of the ellipse. (ii) Law of areas. The speed of planet varies in such […]
Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Class 11 Physics Chapter 7 Notes
• A rigid body is a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape. The distances between all pairs of particles of such a body do not change. • Centre of Mass For a system of particles, the centre of mass is defined as that point where the entire mass of the system is imagined […]