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Notes Class 6 History Chapter 6 New Questions and Ideas

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 The Sangha: Both Mahavira and Buddha felt that only those who gave up worldly life and became monks could gain true knowledge. They set up organisations called Sanghas where these monks spent much of their time on religious studies and meditation. Monasteries: fain and Buddhist monks went from […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 5 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Janapadas: The powerful kings who performed big sacrifices and later ruled larger territories termed as Janapadas. The term “Janapada” literally means ‘foothold of a tribe’. A Janapada could be a republic like Vajji or a monarchy like Magadha. Vamas: Later, Vedic texts like Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda mentioned […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Several major ruling dynasties emerged in different parts of the subcontinent between the seventh and twelfth centuries. The Emergence of New Dynasties 1. By the 7th century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent. 2. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their […]

What Books and Burials Tell Us Notes Chapter 4 History Class 6

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Burial Spots of Families: Some burial chambers have more than one skeleton, probably meaning that one chamber was used for many members of the same family. A hole in the wall allowed the chamber to be used over and over again. The burial sites were marked by stones. […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 The period from the second half of the 8th century up to first half of the 18th century is known as the “medieval period” of Indian history. The maps by Arab geographer Al-Idrisi (1154) and French cartographer (1720) give a large sketch of the Indian subcontinent as known […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Life in the City: Harappa was a busy place. Rulers planned buildings, traders travelled to distant places to procure raw materials and scribes prepared exotic seals. The Story of Harappa: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation are known as the Harappan cities. Rediscovered in the 1920s after […]

Notes Chapter 7 Life in the Deserts Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Deserts are characterised by low rainfall, scanty vegetation and extreme temperatures. Depending on the temperature, there can be hot deserts or cold deserts. The Hot Desert – Sahara (i) The Sahara Desert in Africa is the world’s largest hot desert. (ii) It touches 11 countries and has got […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 2 From Hunting – Gathering to Growing Food

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Farming developed as a consequence of the climate change of the world. People observed plants and how they grow. Gradually, they also started growing crops. People also started taming animals. The dog was the first animal to be tamed. Animals like sheep, goat, cattle were also tamed and […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When?

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 People have lived along the banks of rivers for several hundred thousand years. Some of the earliest people who lived there were skilled gatherers, that is, the people who gathered food. The Sulaiman and Kirthar Hills to the North-West were some of the areas where women and men […]

Notes History Class 6 Social Science PDF Download

Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When? History Class 6 Notes Chapter 1 History Class 6 Notes II Chapter 1 History Class 6 Chapter 2 From Gathering to Growing Food History Class 6 Notes Chapter 2 History Class 6 Notes II Chapter 2 History Class 6 Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities History Class 6 Notes […]

Notes Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Natural vegetation means the plants that grow naturally without human interference. Natural vegetation can be categorised into three categories namely; forest, grassland and desert. The change in the type of natural vegetation occurs mainly because of the changes of climatic conditions. Forests (i) Forests grow where temperature and […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 8 India Climate Vegetation and Wildlife

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 The weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. The major seasons in India are : Cold weather season Hot weather season South-West Monsoon season Season of Retreating monsoon Cold Weather Season or Winter During the winter season, cool, dry winds blow from North to the […]

Notes Chapter 5 Water Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 3/4th of earth’s surface is covered by water, so the earth is called the blue planet. The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. From there, it may fall on the land or sea in the form […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 India in the North is bounded by the Himalayas, the Arabian Sea in the West, the Bay of Bengal in the East and the Indian Ocean in the South. India has an area of about 3.28 million sq. km. The North-South extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Mountains A mountain is any natural elevation of the earth surface. There are permanently frozen rivers of ice. They are called glaciers. Mountains may be arranged in a line known as the range. The Himalaya, the Alps and the Andes are mountain ranges. There are three types of […]

Notes Geography Class 7 SST

Notes I Chapter 1 Environment Notes II Chapter 1 Environment Notes I Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Notes II Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Notes I Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Class Notes II Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Class Notes I Chapter 4 Air Notes II Chapter 4 Air Notes I Chapter 5 Water […]

Notes Chapter 4 Air Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Our atmosphere is surrounded by a huge blanket of air called atmosphere. Composition of the Atmosphere (i) Nitrogen and oxygen are the two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. (ii) Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities. (iii) Apart from […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 There are three main components of the environment – Lithosphere, Atmosphere and Hydrosphere. The solid portion of the Earth on which we live is called the Lithosphere. The gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth is the Atmosphere. The area covered by water is called Hydrosphere. The zone which […]

Notes Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 The lithosphere is broken down into a number of plates known as the Lithosphere plates. The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth. The forces that act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces, while the forces that work on […]

Notes Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 What is Earth? (i) The earth comprises three layers: crust, mantle and core. (ii) Constant changes take place inside as well as outside the earth. What is the Interior of the Earth? (i) The earth is made up of three concentric layers-crust, mantle and core. (ii) The uppermost […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Maps

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 A globe can be useful when we want to study the Earth as a whole. A map is a representation or a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. When many maps are put together we, […]

Notes Chapter 1 Environment Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Environment Nature, place, people, things, etc. that surround the living organisms make the environment. The environment can broadly be classified into the natural and human environment. It is a combination of both natural as well as man-made phenomena. The natural environment comprises biotic (plants and animals) and abiotic-conditions(land, […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Rotation Rotation is the movement of the Earth, on its axis. The axis of the Earth, which is an imaginary line, makes an angle of 66/2° with its orbital plane. The portion facing the Sun experiences day, while the other half away from the Sun experiences night. The […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes and Longitudes

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Globe is a true model of the Earth. A needle is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner, which is called its axis. The imaginary line running on the globe divides it into equal parts. This line is known as the Equator. All parallel circles from the […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Solar System The sun, nine planets, satellites, asteroids and meteoroids form the solar system. The Sun The sun is in the center of the solar system. It is made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. Planets There are […]

Notes for Geography Class 6 Social Science PDF Download

Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System Geography Class 6 Notes Chapter 1 Geography Class 6 Notes II Chapter 1 Geography Class 6 Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes and Longitudes Geography Class 6 Notes Chapter 2 Geography Class 6 Notes II Chapter 2 Geography Class 6 Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth Geography Class 6 […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water

What is air? Air is a combination of different gases that form the atmosphere of the Earth. The constituents of air are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases such as helium, ozone, argon etc (0.04%) along with dust particles, pollens and spores. This constituent of air may vary on other […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System

Celestial bodies The Universe includes all the stars, planets and galaxies and its size is unknown. However, there is a spherical region of the universe that can be observed from the Earth which is called Observable Universe. This Observable Universe comprises of different physical objects that occur naturally on their own. These objects are called […]

Light Notes Chapter 16 Class 8

What makes things visible? We can see the world through our eyes or our sense of sight. However, we cannot see anything without the light, that is, in darkness. When light falls upon or is emitted by an object our eyes detect that light and hence the object becomes visible to us.       […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena

A Natural Phenomenon is anything that occurs on its own in nature without any kind of human intervention. For example, the weather of a place, fog, storms, winds, tides, volcanic eruptions and cyclones all can be categorized as natural phenomena. Some natural phenomena can be destructive such as cyclones, thunderstorms, lightning and earthquakes. However, there […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Conductors and insulators                       Figure 1 Conductors and Insulators of Electricity 1. A conductor is any material or substance that allows electricity to flow through it. 2. An insulator is any substance or material that prevents the flow of electricity through it. 3. Any substance […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 13 Sound

What is sound? A sound is a form of energy that is produced when air molecules vibrate in a particular pattern called waves. Hence, the sound is a wave. Vibration can be described as a back and forth motion of an object. Depending upon the vibrations, a sound is produced. Sound cannot be produced without […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 12 Friction

What is Friction? Friction is a force that comes into play when two surfaces come in contact with each other. The Frictional force or the force of Friction acts in the opposite direction of the motion of the object. The force of Friction opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of two moving objects.   […]