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Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 8 Law and Social Justice

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 Enforcement of the law is important to protect the rights of minorities from the majority. In order to ensure the abolition of child labor, the government has to regularly inspect the factories and punish those who violate the law. Many of these laws have their basis in the […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 Public Facilities

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 Government plays an important role in providing pub’ facilities to everyone. It should provide safe drinking water to the people and also take care of Sanita. facilities. Public facilities relate to people’s basic needs. Any modem society requires these facilities. The right to life that the Constitution guarantees […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Confronting Marginalisation

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 Confronting refers to the way in which groups and individuals challenge the existing inequalities. In many cases, the marginalised groups are derived from the Fundamental Rights. In this case, they forced the government to enforce these laws. The marginalised groups also influenced the government to frame new laws. […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Understanding Marginalisation

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 Marginalization is when groups of people or communities are being excluded from the majority because of their language, customs or religion. The people who lived in close association with forests are known as Adivasi. Around 8% of India’s population is Adivasi. The religious practices and the languages of […]

MCQ Class 6 Science

Chapter 1 Components of Food MCQ Class 6 Science MCQ Chapter 1 Science Class 6 MCQ Chapter 1 Science Class 6 MCQ Chapter 1 Science Class 6 Chapter 2 Sorting Materials Into Groups MCQ Class 6 Science Chapter 2 MCQ Science Class 6 Chapter 2 MCQ Science Class 6 Chapter 2 MCQ Science Class 6 […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 There are four key players in the criminal justice system: The Police, The Public Prosecutor, The Defence Lawyer and The Judge. The main role of the police is to investigate a crime, when FIR, i.e. First Information Report is registered at a police station. An investigation includes recording […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 Judiciary

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 In India, to enforce the rule of law, we have a judicial system, which is an organ of the state. The judicial system plays an important role in the functioning of Indian democracy. The important functions of the judicial system, i.e. the judiciary are: Dispute Resolution, Judicial review, […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 In Indian democracy, the Parliament is in charge of making laws. According to the constitution, all are equal before law. The rule of law applies equally to all citizens and no one can be above the law. Neither a government servant nor even the president of the country. […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 The Indian Parliament was formed after 1947 to enable the citizens of India to participate in decision making and control the government. The Parliament is made up of elected representatives of different political parties and has a lot of power. The Parliament consists of total of 543 representatives. […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 A country which does not officially promote any religion as it’s country’s religion is a secular country. India is one of them. India adopted a policy to separate the power of religion and the power of the state. The separation of religion from the state is known as […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science Civics PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Notes II Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Notes I Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Notes II Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Notes I Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws Notes II Chapter 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws Notes I Chapter 4 Judiciary Notes II Chapter 4 […]

Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 8 For the proper functioning of a country, laws are necessary. A Constitution consists of a set of rules and principles to govern the country. The Indian Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly which was formed in December 1946. The Constituent Assembly consisted of 300 members in 1946. […]

India After Independence Notes Chapter 10 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 A New and Divided Nation: India finally gained independence, but it was divided into two separate nations. This resulted in the mobilization of a large number of people. The settlement of these people and organization of princely states were the main challenges before the new nation. A Constitution […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Human Resource

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 People are a nation’s greatest resource. It is their ability and knowledge which turns them into the resource. The way in which people are spread across the earth’s surface is known as a pattern of population distribution. Nearly 90 percent of the world’s population lives in about 10% […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 8 The Making of the National Movement

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The advent of Gandhiji: Gandhiji was 46 years old when he came to India after leading the Indians in South Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was established in December 1885. Around 72 delegates attended the first meeting of the […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 The industry refers to that economic activity which is concerned with converting the raw material or semi¬finished goods into finished goods. Industries are classified: On the basis of raw material: Agro-based industries, Mineral-based industries, Marine-based industries, Forest-based industries. On the basis of size: Small scale industries and Large […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Agriculture

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 Activities which are related to earning livelihood are called economic activities. There are three types of economic activities: Primary Activities Secondary Activities Tertiary Activities. Agriculture is a primary activity. Nearly 2/3rd of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Growing of crops, raising livestock, forestry and fishing all […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 7 Women, Caste and Reform

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Till the 19th century, the condition of Indian women was deplorable. Their condition was pathetic, which was manifested in various social evils such as child marriage, female infanticide, sati system, etc. Raja Rammohan Roy and his Brahmo Samaj were pioneers in championing the emancipation of women. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, […]

Civilising the Native Educating the Nation Notes Chapter 6 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The Tradition of Orientalists: Orientalists needed Indian scholars to teach them vernacular languages, local customs and laws and help them translate and interpret ancient texts. They believed that the ancient customs of the country and oriental learning ought to be the basis of the British rule in India. […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition. Minerals are created by natural processes such as rock formation and are concentrated in a particular area. Minerals are identified on the basis of their physical properties. They are extracted by the process of mining. […]

Weavers, Iron Smelters & Factory Owners Notes Chapter 6 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The industrialization of Britain had a close connection with the conquest and colonization of India. From the 16th century, European trading companies began buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe. Printed cotton clothes were called chintz, cossies or khassa and bandanna. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Nawabs lose their power: Nawabs and Rajas lost their powers to the East India Company. Residents stationed at Indian states worked effectively so that Indian states didn’t join against the East India Company. Negotiations were put down by the East India Company, which was aiming to rule Delhi. […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus & the Vision of a Golden Age

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Affect of Colonial rule: The tribal life was disrupted in many ways by the colonial rule. There was a significant change experienced by the tribal people after they came into contact with the colonial rule and the outsiders whom they described as ‘Dikus’. Some of them were hunters […]

Ruling the Countryside Notes Chapter 3 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Britain turns to India: As the demand for Indigo grew in Europe, East India Company turned to India for its supply by extending the cultivated area under it. Many of the company officials found it so profitable that they left their jobs. Demand of Indian Indigo: India had […]

From Trade to Territory Notes Chapter 2 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 East India Company Comes East: In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to East India Company for a monopoly of trade with nations in the east. Trading companies made efforts to maximise profit by eliminating rivals in trade. East India Company Begins Trade in Bengal: The first […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science Geography PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 Resources Notes II Chapter 1 Resources Notes I Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Notes II Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Notes I Chapter 3 Agriculture Notes II Chapter 3 Agriculture Notes I Chapter 4 Industries Notes II Chapter 4 Industries Notes […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Resources

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 Resources: Anything that has some utility to satisfy our needs is known as a resource. Human beings are important resources because their ideas, knowledge and skills lead to the creation of new resources. Types of Resources: There are three types of resources—Natural resources, Man-made resources and Human resources. […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science History PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 How, When and Where  Notes II Chapter 1 How, When and Where Notes I Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory  Notes II Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Notes I Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside  Notes II Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Notes I Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-volume work—A History of British India. In this, he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. This periodization came to be widely accepted. We try and divide history into different periods […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Vendors and Government Measures: There are some shops on the pavement. Vendors sell things prepared at home like snacks or food. Street vending is an obstruction to traffic. The government has introduced measures to reduce the number of vendors. Hawking zones have been suggested for towns and cities. […]

Civics Notes Class 7 SST

Notes I Chapter 1 On Equality Notes II Chapter 1 On Equality Notes I Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health Notes II Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health Notes I Chapter 3 How the State Government Works Notes II Chapter 3 How the State Government Works Notes I Chapter 4 Growing […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 9 Struggle for Equality

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 The Indian Constitution recognizes all Indians are equal before the law and states that no person discriminated against because of their religion, sex, caste, or whether they re rich or poor. All adults in India have equal rights to vote during elections, and this ‘power over the ballot […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Cotton Farmer in Kurnool 1. Cultivation of cotton is very expensive and a difficult task. 2. A small farmer grows cotton on his small piece of land. Once the harvesting is done, cotton balls are collected. 3. These are taken to the local trader as the farmer had […]