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Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 A market is where buyer and seller are involved in the sale and purchase of goods. It establishes a link between the producer and the consumer. There are different kinds of markets namely; weekly market, shops, shopping complex or mall. The profit earned by different market varies. It […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Media refers to all means of communication, everything ranging from a phone call to the evening news on TV can be called media. TV, radio, and newspapers are forms of media. Since they reach millions of people across the world they are called mass media. Media is the […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 7 Urban Administration

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Ward Councillor: The Ward Councillors are responsible for the construction of hospitals. They are elected by the people living in that ward/area. Groups of Councillors make decisions on policy-making. Committees of Ward Councillors look after water, garbage collection and street lighting. Duties of the Ward Councillors: Ward Councillors […]

Women Change the World Notes Chapter 5 Class 7 Civics

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Women have been facing inequalities at every step. By getting an education, women have got opportunities to rise in every field. Women’s movement has risen to challenge discrimination in all parts of the world. Fewer Opportunities and Rigid Expectation 1. A lot of people feel that women are […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 6 Rural Administration

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Quarrel in the Village: Mohan noticed that Raghu had shifted the bund but Raghu refused to accept and instead he beats Mohan. Mohan’s neighbours helped him and he was provided first aid. Gram Sabha: The Panchayati Raj, through the Gram Sabha, can solve land dispute problems, instead of […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Gender is a social construction through which the social and cultural roles of males and females are defined. Most of the societies value men and women differently. The role women play and the work they do are usually valued less than the roles men play and the work […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Gram Sabha: It is a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls at the village level within the area, of the Panchayat. The presiding officer of the Panchayat is known as the Sarpanch, and the Pradhan a Mukhiya. Recommendations of the Gram Sabha are binding on […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Government works at three levels-national, state and local. In states, it is the MLA (Member of Legislature Assembly) who represents the people. The MLAs enter the assembly and form the government. Every MLA is elected from one area. This area is known as his constituency. A political party […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 What is Health? Health means our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. There are certain factors which affect our health. Healthcare in India 1. India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producer of doctors. 2. India is […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Equality is a condition in which adequate opportunities are given to all. It is the soul of Indian democracy. Equal Right to Vote In a democratic country like India, adults, irrespective of their religion, caste education, status or place of birth, are given the right to vote under […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Role of the People: The people play an important role in the proper functioning of a democratic government, which includes elections as well as the working and decision-making responsibility of the government. Election: In a democracy, people cast their vote to elect their representatives, who take decisions on […]

Notes for Civics Class 6 Social Science PDF Download

Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity Civics Class 6 Notes Chapter 1 Civics Class 6 Notes II Chapter 1 Civics Class 6 Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination Civics Class 6 Notes Chapter 2 Civics Class 6 Notes II Chapter 2 Civics Class 6 Chapter 3 What is Government Civics Class 6 Notes Chapter 3 Civics Class 6 […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 3 What is Government ?

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Government: Government is “the organisation, that is the governing authority of a political unit”, “the ruling power in political society” and the apparatus through which a governing body functions and exercises authority”. Levels of Government: India is a representative democracy where people are eligible ‘to vote, elect representatives […]

Notes Class 7 History SST

Notes I Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Notes II Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Notes I Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms Notes II Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms Notes I Chapter 3 Delhi: 12th to 15th Century Notes II Chapter 3 Delhi: 12th to 15th Century Notes I Chapter […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 By 1765, the British had captured major chunks of Indian territory in eastern India. After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal Empire started to decline because of weak and inefficient rulers. States like Hyderabad, Awadh, Bengal and states under the control of Sikhs and Marathas declared independence. The declining power […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Difference and Prejudice: Differences can only be stated on the basis of a comparison or categorization. Whereas, prejudice is an unfavourable opinion or feeling, formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. Stereotypes: A “stereotype” is a generalisation about a person or group of persons. We resort to […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Diversity in India: India is a country of vast diversity. People speak different languages, celebrate different festivals and eat various types of food. Diversity is a reality created by individuals and groups from a broad spectrum of demographic and philosophical differences. Factors Influencing Diversity: Historical and geographical factors […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 The medieval period saw the emergence of several regional languages and the associated literature. It is quite common for us to identify a region with its language. Every region is identified with a certain distinct type of food, clothing, poetry, dance, painting and music. The Chera empire of […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 In the eighth century, two new religious movements Sufism and Bhakti emerged. Devotion to God without discrimination on the basis of caste was taught by the Bhakti and Sufi saints. Both Sufism and Bhakti movements had several common traits and spread as popular movements at about the same […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 11 Buildings, Paintings and Books

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Writing Books: During this period, epics were composed and compiled. Epics are grand and long compositions about the heroic men, women and God. Building Temples: During this period, many temples for deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Durga were built. Iron Pillar in Delhi: The Iron pillar at […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 5 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 During the Medieval Age, several social, economic and political development took place. The Indian society was divided on the basis varnas. During the medieval period, gap between the rich and poor increased. There were, however, several communities which did not follow rules laid down by the Brahmins. These […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 10 New Empires and Kingdoms

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Mamallapuram: Mamallapuram is known for its monolithic temples of the Pallavas. The Harshacharita: In the early seventh century, Harshavardhan became the ruler of Thanesar. Information about Harsha’s reign is also available in Harsha’s biography Harshacharita, written by Banabhatta. The Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang spent a lot of time […]

Towns, Traders & Craftpersons Notes Chapter 6 History Class 7

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 One of the most interesting aspects of the medieval period in the 17th century was the growth of urbanization. In medieval India, there were three types of towns—a temple town, an administrative town and a commercial town or a port town. The Arabs, Turkish and Afghans settled in […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 9 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Traders and The Black Gold: South India was known for its gold, spices, especially pepper and precious stones. South Indian pepper was very popular in the Roman Empire and was known as the Black Gold. Exploring Sea Routes: In the course of their trading activities, traders explored many […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 In medieval period rulers built private and public buildings like forts, palaces, tombs, temples, mosques, tanks, etc Engineering Skills and Construction 1. Monuments provide an insight into the technologies used for construction. 2. Between the seventh and tenth centuries, architects started adding more rooms, doors and windows to […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 8 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Iron Tools and Agriculture: Iron came into use around 3000 years ago. About 2500 years ago, the use of iron tools increased. These included axes for clearing forests and expanding land and iron ploughshare in increasing production. Landowners and Labourers: In the south, large landowners (Vellalar), ploughmen (Ezhava), […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 4 The Mughal(16th to 17th century)

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Babur (1526-1530) was the first Mughal emperor, who became the ruler of old Delhi by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526. From the latter half of the 16th century, the Mughals expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi, until in the 17th century they controlled nearly all […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 7 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Ashoka, a Unique Ruler: Ashoka was the first ruler in the history of the world, who gave directions to the people through inscriptions. Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in Brahmi script. Ashoka’s views on Kalinga: Ashoka tried to conquer Kalinga. However, the violence […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 3 Delhi: 12th to 15th Century

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated by Chauhan (also called Chahamanas) of Ajmer. The transformation of Delhi into a capital that controlled a vast area of the subcontinent started with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate at the beginning […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 6 New Questions and Ideas

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 The Sangha: Both Mahavira and Buddha felt that only those who gave up worldly life and became monks could gain true knowledge. They set up organisations called Sanghas where these monks spent much of their time on religious studies and meditation. Monasteries: fain and Buddhist monks went from […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 5 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Janapadas: The powerful kings who performed big sacrifices and later ruled larger territories termed as Janapadas. The term “Janapada” literally means ‘foothold of a tribe’. A Janapada could be a republic like Vajji or a monarchy like Magadha. Vamas: Later, Vedic texts like Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda mentioned […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Several major ruling dynasties emerged in different parts of the subcontinent between the seventh and twelfth centuries. The Emergence of New Dynasties 1. By the 7th century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent. 2. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their […]

What Books and Burials Tell Us Notes Chapter 4 History Class 6

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Burial Spots of Families: Some burial chambers have more than one skeleton, probably meaning that one chamber was used for many members of the same family. A hole in the wall allowed the chamber to be used over and over again. The burial sites were marked by stones. […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 The period from the second half of the 8th century up to first half of the 18th century is known as the “medieval period” of Indian history. The maps by Arab geographer Al-Idrisi (1154) and French cartographer (1720) give a large sketch of the Indian subcontinent as known […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Life in the City: Harappa was a busy place. Rulers planned buildings, traders travelled to distant places to procure raw materials and scribes prepared exotic seals. The Story of Harappa: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation are known as the Harappan cities. Rediscovered in the 1920s after […]