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Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Biodiversity: 1. Biodiversity can be defined as the occurrence of different types of genes, gene pools, species, habitats and ecosystem in a given region. (i) The term biodiversity was given by a socio biologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation. […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Ecosystem

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Ecosystem—Structure and Function,- Productivity and Decomposition: 1. An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. The word ‘Ecosystem’ was coined by Sir AG Tansley (1935). 2. The size of an ecosystem varies greatly from a small […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Organisms and Its Environment: 1. Ecology is the branch of biology, which studies the interactions among organisms and their physical (abiotic) environment. 2. The subject ecology is basically concerned with four levels of biological organisation. These are given below: (i) Organism Living component of the environment at individual level […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 CBSE

Biotechnology and Its Applications Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture and Medicine: 1. Biotechnology essentially deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production. 2. Biotechnology have the following three critical research […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 CBSE

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 Principles of Biotechnology and Tools of Recombination DNA Technology: 1. Biotechnology can be defined as the use of microorganisms, plants or animal cells or their components to produce products and processes useful to humans. According to the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB), biotechnology is the […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Microbes in Household Products, Industrial Products and in Sewage Treatment: 1. Microbes are the major components of biological systems on the earth. They are present everywhere, i.e. in soil, water, air, inside our bodies and those of other animals and plants. They can also be found deep inside […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies Enhancement in Food Production

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 Animal Husbandry: 1. Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. It deals with the care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, goat, etc. It also includes poultry farming and fisheries. More than 70% of the world’s livestock population is in […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Human Health and Disease

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Health, Common Diseases in Human and Immunity: 1. Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. (i) The factors which affect human health are: (a) Genetic disorders (b) Infections (c) Lifestyle. (ii) Balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercise are very important to […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Evolution

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE The Origin of Life and Evidences of Evolution: 1. The study of history of life forms on earth is called evolutionary biology. 2. Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in population spread over many generations leading to diversity of organisms on earth. 3. Origin of life is […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE The DNA and RNA World: 1. Over the years after Mendel, the nature of the genetic material was investigated, resulting in the realisation that DNA is the genetic material in majority of organisms. 2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acid found in […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance: 1. Genetics is the branch of biology, which deals with inheritance and variation of characters from parents to offspring. 2. Inheritance is the process by which characters or traits are transferred from one generation to the next. 3. Variation is the degree by which progeny differs […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Reproductive Health

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE Reproductive Health Problems and Strategies: 1. Reproductive health simply refers to healthy reproductive organs with normal functions. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, behavioural and social. 2. The improved reproductive health of society […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Human Reproduction

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 CBSE 1. Humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous organisms. There are remarkable differences between the reproductive events and systems in male and female. 2. Male reproductive system includes a pair of testes, accessory ducts, glands and the external genitalia. (i) Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 CBSE

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 Sexual reproduction is the process of fusion of haploid gametes, resulting in the production of a diploid zygote, which ultimately develops into a new organism. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction. 1. Flowers are the site of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. (i) A […]

Notes Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Notes For All Chapters Biology Class 12 Reproduction: 1. The period between birth and natural death of an organism is called its lifespan. It can vary from less than a day to more than 400 yrs. Whatever be the lifespan, death of every individual organism is a certainty, i. e. no individual is immortal, except […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry CBSE

Solutions Notes Chapter 1 Chemistry Class 12 Electrochemistry Notes Chapter 2 Chemistry Class 12 Chemical Kinetics Notes Chapter 3 Chemistry Class 12 The d and f Block Elements Notes Chapter 4 Chemistry Class 12 Coordination Compounds Notes Chapter 5 Chemistry Class 12 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Notes Chapter 6 Chemistry Class 12 Alcohols, Phenols […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday life

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 1. Chemicals play a very important role in improving the quality of human life. Many substances which are used in our daily life situations are chemical compounds. 2. Drugs are chemicals of low molecular masses (-100- 500 u). These interacts with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response. 3. If taken in doses […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15 Polymers

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 1. A polymer is a large molecule of high molecular mass formed by the repetitive bonding of many small molecules called monomers. The process by which the monomers are transformed into polymers is called polymerisation. As polymers are single big size molecules, they are also called macromolecules. 2. Classification of polymers […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 Biomolecules

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Carbohydrates is a class of compounds that include polyhydric aldehydes and ketones and large number of other polymeric molecules that yield these on hydrolysis, e.g., sugars, glycogen, cellulose, starch, etc. 2. Depending upon their behaviour on hydrolysis, carbohydrates are further divided into three types: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9 Amines

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Amines are the derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl groups. 2. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according as one, two or three hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule have been substituted by alkyl groups. 3. Preparation of amines: […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. The classes of organic compounds containing carbonyl group (CO) as the functional group are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivates. These are collectively called carbonyl compounds. 2. Nature of carbonyl group: Oxygen atom in carbonyl group is far more electronegative than carbon atom. As a result, the […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Alcohols and phenols may be classified as monohydric, dihydric, trihydric or polyhydric according to number of hydroxyl groups they contain one, two, three or many respectively in their molecules. 2. Primary (1°), secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) alcohols are those in which as the OH group is attached […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Haloalkanes are classified as fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo compounds according to the type of halogen present and as mono-, di- tri-, tetra- haloalkanes, etc., according to the one, two, three, four, etc., halogen atoms respectively present in their molecule. 2. Alkyl halides are further classified as primary […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5 Coordination Compounds

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Coordination compounds contain a central atom (or cation) which is coordinated to a suitable number of anions or neutral molecules and usually retain their identity in solution as well as in solid state. These may be a positively charged, negatively charged or a neutral species, [Co(NH3)6]3+, [NiCl4]2-, […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4 The d and f Block Elements

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. The elements lying in the middle of Periodic Table between s-block and p-block elements (i.e between group 2 and 13) are known as d-block or transition elements. 2. There are three transition series each of 10 elements: (i) First transition series: It involves filling of 3d-orbitals. It starts from scandium […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 I Group 15 Elements: The Nitrogen Family 1. In group 15 of the Periodic Table, the elements, nitrogen (7N), phosphorus (15P), arsenic (33As), antimony (51Sb) and bismuth (83Bi) are present. 2. (a) The elements of this group can exhibit various oxidation states ranging between -3 to+ 5. (b) Maximum covalency […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 Isolation of Elements

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 1. Minerals: The natural substance in which the metals or their compounds occur in the earth is called minerals. 2. Ores: The minerals from which the metals can be conveniently and economically extracted are called ores. 3. Native ores: These ores contain metals in the free state, e.g., silver, gold, platinum, […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5 Surface Chemistry

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 1. This phenomenon of attracting and retaining the molecules of a substance by a solid (or a liquid) on its surface resulting into a higher concentration of the molecules on the surface is known as adsorption. 2. The substance that is adsorbed is called adsorbate and the substance which adsorbs is called adsorbent. 3. Desorption is […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3 Chemical Kinetics

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of rates (or fastness) of chemical reactions, the factors affecting it and the mechanism by which the reactions proceed. 2. Rate of reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time. For […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Electro chemistry

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical energy and inter-conversion of one form into another. 2. An electrochemical cell consists of two metallic electrodes dipped in electrolytic solutions. The cells are of two types: (a) Electrolytic cells (b) Galvanic […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Solutions

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 CBSE 1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or 9. more chemically non-reacting substances. The components of a solution generally cannot be separated by filtration, settling or centrifuging. 2. A solution may be classified as solid, liquid or a gaseous solution. 3. Solubility is defined as the amount of […]

Notes Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 The Solid State

Notes For All Chapters Chemistry Class 12 1. Solids are substances which have fixed shape and volume. 1’hey are characterised by rigidity, incompressibility, slow diffusion and mechanical strength. They are classified as: (a) Crystalline solids (b) Amorphous solids . 2. The crystalline solids are further classified as: (a) Metallic solids (b) Ionic solids (c) Covalent solids (d) […]

Notes Class 12 Physics CBSE

Electric Charges and Fields Notes Chapter 1 Physics Class 12 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Notes Chapter 2 Physics Class 12 Current Electricity Notes Chapter 3 Physics Class 12 Moving Charges and Magnetism Notes Chapter 4 Physics Class 12 Magnetism And Matter Notes Chapter 5 Physics Class 12 Electromagnetic Induction Notes Chapter 6 Physics […]

Notes Class 12 Physics Chapter 15 Communication Systems

Notes For All Chapters Physics Class 12 Topic 1 Communication 1. Communication Communication is the act of transmission and reception of information. 2. Communication System A system comprises of transmitter, communication channel and receiver. A block diagram of a generalised communication system is shown as below: 3. Transmitter It consists of transducer/signal generators, modulators and transmitting antenna. 4. […]

Notes Class 12 Physics Chapter 14 CBSE

Semiconductor Electronic: Material, Devices And Simple Circuits Notes For All Chapters Physics Class 12 1. Metals They possess very low resistivity or high conductivity. ρ ~ 10-2.10-8 Ωm, σ ~102. 108 Sm-1 2. Semiconductors They have resistivity or conductivity intermediate to metals and insulators. ρ ~ 10-5. 106 Ωm, σ ~ 10+5 .10-6 Sm-1 Types of Semiconductors Types of semiconductors are given […]