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Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Human Resource

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 People are a nation’s greatest resource. It is their ability and knowledge which turns them into the resource. The way in which people are spread across the earth’s surface is known as a pattern of population distribution. Nearly 90 percent of the world’s population lives in about 10% […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 8 The Making of the National Movement

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The advent of Gandhiji: Gandhiji was 46 years old when he came to India after leading the Indians in South Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was established in December 1885. Around 72 delegates attended the first meeting of the […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 The industry refers to that economic activity which is concerned with converting the raw material or semi¬finished goods into finished goods. Industries are classified: On the basis of raw material: Agro-based industries, Mineral-based industries, Marine-based industries, Forest-based industries. On the basis of size: Small scale industries and Large […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Agriculture

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 Activities which are related to earning livelihood are called economic activities. There are three types of economic activities: Primary Activities Secondary Activities Tertiary Activities. Agriculture is a primary activity. Nearly 2/3rd of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Growing of crops, raising livestock, forestry and fishing all […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 7 Women, Caste and Reform

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Till the 19th century, the condition of Indian women was deplorable. Their condition was pathetic, which was manifested in various social evils such as child marriage, female infanticide, sati system, etc. Raja Rammohan Roy and his Brahmo Samaj were pioneers in championing the emancipation of women. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, […]

Civilising the Native Educating the Nation Notes Chapter 6 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The Tradition of Orientalists: Orientalists needed Indian scholars to teach them vernacular languages, local customs and laws and help them translate and interpret ancient texts. They believed that the ancient customs of the country and oriental learning ought to be the basis of the British rule in India. […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition. Minerals are created by natural processes such as rock formation and are concentrated in a particular area. Minerals are identified on the basis of their physical properties. They are extracted by the process of mining. […]

Weavers, Iron Smelters & Factory Owners Notes Chapter 6 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 The industrialization of Britain had a close connection with the conquest and colonization of India. From the 16th century, European trading companies began buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe. Printed cotton clothes were called chintz, cossies or khassa and bandanna. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Nawabs lose their power: Nawabs and Rajas lost their powers to the East India Company. Residents stationed at Indian states worked effectively so that Indian states didn’t join against the East India Company. Negotiations were put down by the East India Company, which was aiming to rule Delhi. […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus & the Vision of a Golden Age

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Affect of Colonial rule: The tribal life was disrupted in many ways by the colonial rule. There was a significant change experienced by the tribal people after they came into contact with the colonial rule and the outsiders whom they described as ‘Dikus’. Some of them were hunters […]

Ruling the Countryside Notes Chapter 3 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 Britain turns to India: As the demand for Indigo grew in Europe, East India Company turned to India for its supply by extending the cultivated area under it. Many of the company officials found it so profitable that they left their jobs. Demand of Indian Indigo: India had […]

From Trade to Territory Notes Chapter 2 History Class 8

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 East India Company Comes East: In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to East India Company for a monopoly of trade with nations in the east. Trading companies made efforts to maximise profit by eliminating rivals in trade. East India Company Begins Trade in Bengal: The first […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science Geography PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 Resources Notes II Chapter 1 Resources Notes I Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Notes II Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Notes I Chapter 3 Agriculture Notes II Chapter 3 Agriculture Notes I Chapter 4 Industries Notes II Chapter 4 Industries Notes […]

Notes Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Resources

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 8 Resources: Anything that has some utility to satisfy our needs is known as a resource. Human beings are important resources because their ideas, knowledge and skills lead to the creation of new resources. Types of Resources: There are three types of resources—Natural resources, Man-made resources and Human resources. […]

Notes Class 8 Social Science History PDF Download

Notes I Chapter 1 How, When and Where  Notes II Chapter 1 How, When and Where Notes I Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory  Notes II Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Notes I Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside  Notes II Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Notes I Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision […]

Notes Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Notes For All Chapters History Class 8 In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-volume work—A History of British India. In this, he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. This periodization came to be widely accepted. We try and divide history into different periods […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Vendors and Government Measures: There are some shops on the pavement. Vendors sell things prepared at home like snacks or food. Street vending is an obstruction to traffic. The government has introduced measures to reduce the number of vendors. Hawking zones have been suggested for towns and cities. […]

Civics Notes Class 7 SST

Notes I Chapter 1 On Equality Notes II Chapter 1 On Equality Notes I Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health Notes II Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health Notes I Chapter 3 How the State Government Works Notes II Chapter 3 How the State Government Works Notes I Chapter 4 Growing […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 9 Struggle for Equality

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 The Indian Constitution recognizes all Indians are equal before the law and states that no person discriminated against because of their religion, sex, caste, or whether they re rich or poor. All adults in India have equal rights to vote during elections, and this ‘power over the ballot […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 8 A Shirt in the Market

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Cotton Farmer in Kurnool 1. Cultivation of cotton is very expensive and a difficult task. 2. A small farmer grows cotton on his small piece of land. Once the harvesting is done, cotton balls are collected. 3. These are taken to the local trader as the farmer had […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Different Occupations: People in this village are involved in different professions such as blacksmiths, teachers, washermen, weavers, barbers, mechanics, shopkeepers and traders. Shops: Kalpattu village has a variety of small shops such as tea-shops, grocery stores, barber shops, cloth shops, tailor shops, fertilizers and seed shops. Life of […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 7 Markets Around Us

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 A market is where buyer and seller are involved in the sale and purchase of goods. It establishes a link between the producer and the consumer. There are different kinds of markets namely; weekly market, shops, shopping complex or mall. The profit earned by different market varies. It […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Media

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Media refers to all means of communication, everything ranging from a phone call to the evening news on TV can be called media. TV, radio, and newspapers are forms of media. Since they reach millions of people across the world they are called mass media. Media is the […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 7 Urban Administration

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Ward Councillor: The Ward Councillors are responsible for the construction of hospitals. They are elected by the people living in that ward/area. Groups of Councillors make decisions on policy-making. Committees of Ward Councillors look after water, garbage collection and street lighting. Duties of the Ward Councillors: Ward Councillors […]

Women Change the World Notes Chapter 5 Class 7 Civics

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Women have been facing inequalities at every step. By getting an education, women have got opportunities to rise in every field. Women’s movement has risen to challenge discrimination in all parts of the world. Fewer Opportunities and Rigid Expectation 1. A lot of people feel that women are […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 6 Rural Administration

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Quarrel in the Village: Mohan noticed that Raghu had shifted the bund but Raghu refused to accept and instead he beats Mohan. Mohan’s neighbours helped him and he was provided first aid. Gram Sabha: The Panchayati Raj, through the Gram Sabha, can solve land dispute problems, instead of […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Gender is a social construction through which the social and cultural roles of males and females are defined. Most of the societies value men and women differently. The role women play and the work they do are usually valued less than the roles men play and the work […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Gram Sabha: It is a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls at the village level within the area, of the Panchayat. The presiding officer of the Panchayat is known as the Sarpanch, and the Pradhan a Mukhiya. Recommendations of the Gram Sabha are binding on […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Government works at three levels-national, state and local. In states, it is the MLA (Member of Legislature Assembly) who represents the people. The MLAs enter the assembly and form the government. Every MLA is elected from one area. This area is known as his constituency. A political party […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 What is Health? Health means our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. There are certain factors which affect our health. Healthcare in India 1. India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producer of doctors. 2. India is […]

Notes Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 7 Equality is a condition in which adequate opportunities are given to all. It is the soul of Indian democracy. Equal Right to Vote In a democratic country like India, adults, irrespective of their religion, caste education, status or place of birth, are given the right to vote under […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Role of the People: The people play an important role in the proper functioning of a democratic government, which includes elections as well as the working and decision-making responsibility of the government. Election: In a democracy, people cast their vote to elect their representatives, who take decisions on […]

Notes for Civics Class 6 Social Science PDF Download

Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity Civics Class 6 Notes Chapter 1 Civics Class 6 Notes II Chapter 1 Civics Class 6 Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination Civics Class 6 Notes Chapter 2 Civics Class 6 Notes II Chapter 2 Civics Class 6 Chapter 3 What is Government Civics Class 6 Notes Chapter 3 Civics Class 6 […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 3 What is Government ?

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Government: Government is “the organisation, that is the governing authority of a political unit”, “the ruling power in political society” and the apparatus through which a governing body functions and exercises authority”. Levels of Government: India is a representative democracy where people are eligible ‘to vote, elect representatives […]