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Notes Class 7 History SST

Notes I Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Notes II Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Notes I Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms Notes II Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms Notes I Chapter 3 Delhi: 12th to 15th Century Notes II Chapter 3 Delhi: 12th to 15th Century Notes I Chapter […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 8 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 By 1765, the British had captured major chunks of Indian territory in eastern India. After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal Empire started to decline because of weak and inefficient rulers. States like Hyderabad, Awadh, Bengal and states under the control of Sikhs and Marathas declared independence. The declining power […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Difference and Prejudice: Differences can only be stated on the basis of a comparison or categorization. Whereas, prejudice is an unfavourable opinion or feeling, formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. Stereotypes: A “stereotype” is a generalisation about a person or group of persons. We resort to […]

Notes Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity

Notes For All Chapters Civics Class 6 Diversity in India: India is a country of vast diversity. People speak different languages, celebrate different festivals and eat various types of food. Diversity is a reality created by individuals and groups from a broad spectrum of demographic and philosophical differences. Factors Influencing Diversity: Historical and geographical factors […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 The medieval period saw the emergence of several regional languages and the associated literature. It is quite common for us to identify a region with its language. Every region is identified with a certain distinct type of food, clothing, poetry, dance, painting and music. The Chera empire of […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 In the eighth century, two new religious movements Sufism and Bhakti emerged. Devotion to God without discrimination on the basis of caste was taught by the Bhakti and Sufi saints. Both Sufism and Bhakti movements had several common traits and spread as popular movements at about the same […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 11 Buildings, Paintings and Books

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Writing Books: During this period, epics were composed and compiled. Epics are grand and long compositions about the heroic men, women and God. Building Temples: During this period, many temples for deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Durga were built. Iron Pillar in Delhi: The Iron pillar at […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 5 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 During the Medieval Age, several social, economic and political development took place. The Indian society was divided on the basis varnas. During the medieval period, gap between the rich and poor increased. There were, however, several communities which did not follow rules laid down by the Brahmins. These […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 10 New Empires and Kingdoms

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Mamallapuram: Mamallapuram is known for its monolithic temples of the Pallavas. The Harshacharita: In the early seventh century, Harshavardhan became the ruler of Thanesar. Information about Harsha’s reign is also available in Harsha’s biography Harshacharita, written by Banabhatta. The Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang spent a lot of time […]

Towns, Traders & Craftpersons Notes Chapter 6 History Class 7

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 One of the most interesting aspects of the medieval period in the 17th century was the growth of urbanization. In medieval India, there were three types of towns—a temple town, an administrative town and a commercial town or a port town. The Arabs, Turkish and Afghans settled in […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 9 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Traders and The Black Gold: South India was known for its gold, spices, especially pepper and precious stones. South Indian pepper was very popular in the Roman Empire and was known as the Black Gold. Exploring Sea Routes: In the course of their trading activities, traders explored many […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 In medieval period rulers built private and public buildings like forts, palaces, tombs, temples, mosques, tanks, etc Engineering Skills and Construction 1. Monuments provide an insight into the technologies used for construction. 2. Between the seventh and tenth centuries, architects started adding more rooms, doors and windows to […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 8 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Iron Tools and Agriculture: Iron came into use around 3000 years ago. About 2500 years ago, the use of iron tools increased. These included axes for clearing forests and expanding land and iron ploughshare in increasing production. Landowners and Labourers: In the south, large landowners (Vellalar), ploughmen (Ezhava), […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 4 The Mughal(16th to 17th century)

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Babur (1526-1530) was the first Mughal emperor, who became the ruler of old Delhi by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526. From the latter half of the 16th century, the Mughals expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi, until in the 17th century they controlled nearly all […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 7 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Ashoka, a Unique Ruler: Ashoka was the first ruler in the history of the world, who gave directions to the people through inscriptions. Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in Brahmi script. Ashoka’s views on Kalinga: Ashoka tried to conquer Kalinga. However, the violence […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 3 Delhi: 12th to 15th Century

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated by Chauhan (also called Chahamanas) of Ajmer. The transformation of Delhi into a capital that controlled a vast area of the subcontinent started with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate at the beginning […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 6 New Questions and Ideas

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 The Sangha: Both Mahavira and Buddha felt that only those who gave up worldly life and became monks could gain true knowledge. They set up organisations called Sanghas where these monks spent much of their time on religious studies and meditation. Monasteries: fain and Buddhist monks went from […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 5 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Janapadas: The powerful kings who performed big sacrifices and later ruled larger territories termed as Janapadas. The term “Janapada” literally means ‘foothold of a tribe’. A Janapada could be a republic like Vajji or a monarchy like Magadha. Vamas: Later, Vedic texts like Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda mentioned […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 2 Kings and Kingdoms

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 Several major ruling dynasties emerged in different parts of the subcontinent between the seventh and twelfth centuries. The Emergence of New Dynasties 1. By the 7th century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent. 2. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their […]

What Books and Burials Tell Us Notes Chapter 4 History Class 6

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Burial Spots of Families: Some burial chambers have more than one skeleton, probably meaning that one chamber was used for many members of the same family. A hole in the wall allowed the chamber to be used over and over again. The burial sites were marked by stones. […]

Notes Class 7 History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

Notes For All Chapters History Class 7 The period from the second half of the 8th century up to first half of the 18th century is known as the “medieval period” of Indian history. The maps by Arab geographer Al-Idrisi (1154) and French cartographer (1720) give a large sketch of the Indian subcontinent as known […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Life in the City: Harappa was a busy place. Rulers planned buildings, traders travelled to distant places to procure raw materials and scribes prepared exotic seals. The Story of Harappa: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation are known as the Harappan cities. Rediscovered in the 1920s after […]

Notes Chapter 7 Life in the Deserts Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Deserts are characterised by low rainfall, scanty vegetation and extreme temperatures. Depending on the temperature, there can be hot deserts or cold deserts. The Hot Desert – Sahara (i) The Sahara Desert in Africa is the world’s largest hot desert. (ii) It touches 11 countries and has got […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 2 From Hunting – Gathering to Growing Food

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 Farming developed as a consequence of the climate change of the world. People observed plants and how they grow. Gradually, they also started growing crops. People also started taming animals. The dog was the first animal to be tamed. Animals like sheep, goat, cattle were also tamed and […]

Notes Class 6 History Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When?

Notes For All Chapters History Class 6 People have lived along the banks of rivers for several hundred thousand years. Some of the earliest people who lived there were skilled gatherers, that is, the people who gathered food. The Sulaiman and Kirthar Hills to the North-West were some of the areas where women and men […]

Notes History Class 6 Social Science PDF Download

Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When? History Class 6 Notes Chapter 1 History Class 6 Notes II Chapter 1 History Class 6 Chapter 2 From Gathering to Growing Food History Class 6 Notes Chapter 2 History Class 6 Notes II Chapter 2 History Class 6 Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities History Class 6 Notes […]

Notes Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Natural vegetation means the plants that grow naturally without human interference. Natural vegetation can be categorised into three categories namely; forest, grassland and desert. The change in the type of natural vegetation occurs mainly because of the changes of climatic conditions. Forests (i) Forests grow where temperature and […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 8 India Climate Vegetation and Wildlife

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 The weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. The major seasons in India are : Cold weather season Hot weather season South-West Monsoon season Season of Retreating monsoon Cold Weather Season or Winter During the winter season, cool, dry winds blow from North to the […]

Notes Chapter 5 Water Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 3/4th of earth’s surface is covered by water, so the earth is called the blue planet. The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. From there, it may fall on the land or sea in the form […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 India in the North is bounded by the Himalayas, the Arabian Sea in the West, the Bay of Bengal in the East and the Indian Ocean in the South. India has an area of about 3.28 million sq. km. The North-South extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Mountains A mountain is any natural elevation of the earth surface. There are permanently frozen rivers of ice. They are called glaciers. Mountains may be arranged in a line known as the range. The Himalaya, the Alps and the Andes are mountain ranges. There are three types of […]

Notes Geography Class 7 SST

Notes I Chapter 1 Environment Notes II Chapter 1 Environment Notes I Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Notes II Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Notes I Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Class Notes II Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Class Notes I Chapter 4 Air Notes II Chapter 4 Air Notes I Chapter 5 Water […]

Notes Chapter 4 Air Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Our atmosphere is surrounded by a huge blanket of air called atmosphere. Composition of the Atmosphere (i) Nitrogen and oxygen are the two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. (ii) Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities. (iii) Apart from […]