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Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Maps

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 A globe can be useful when we want to study the Earth as a whole. A map is a representation or a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. When many maps are put together we, […]

Notes Chapter 1 Environment Class 7 Geography

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 7 Environment Nature, place, people, things, etc. that surround the living organisms make the environment. The environment can broadly be classified into the natural and human environment. It is a combination of both natural as well as man-made phenomena. The natural environment comprises biotic (plants and animals) and abiotic-conditions(land, […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Rotation Rotation is the movement of the Earth, on its axis. The axis of the Earth, which is an imaginary line, makes an angle of 66/2° with its orbital plane. The portion facing the Sun experiences day, while the other half away from the Sun experiences night. The […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes and Longitudes

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Globe is a true model of the Earth. A needle is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner, which is called its axis. The imaginary line running on the globe divides it into equal parts. This line is known as the Equator. All parallel circles from the […]

Notes Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System

Notes For All Chapters Geography Class 6 Solar System The sun, nine planets, satellites, asteroids and meteoroids form the solar system. The Sun The sun is in the center of the solar system. It is made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. Planets There are […]

Notes for Geography Class 6 Social Science PDF Download

Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System Geography Class 6 Notes Chapter 1 Geography Class 6 Notes II Chapter 1 Geography Class 6 Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes and Longitudes Geography Class 6 Notes Chapter 2 Geography Class 6 Notes II Chapter 2 Geography Class 6 Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth Geography Class 6 […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water

What is air? Air is a combination of different gases that form the atmosphere of the Earth. The constituents of air are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases such as helium, ozone, argon etc (0.04%) along with dust particles, pollens and spores. This constituent of air may vary on other […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System

Celestial bodies The Universe includes all the stars, planets and galaxies and its size is unknown. However, there is a spherical region of the universe that can be observed from the Earth which is called Observable Universe. This Observable Universe comprises of different physical objects that occur naturally on their own. These objects are called […]

Light Notes Chapter 16 Class 8

What makes things visible? We can see the world through our eyes or our sense of sight. However, we cannot see anything without the light, that is, in darkness. When light falls upon or is emitted by an object our eyes detect that light and hence the object becomes visible to us.       […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena

A Natural Phenomenon is anything that occurs on its own in nature without any kind of human intervention. For example, the weather of a place, fog, storms, winds, tides, volcanic eruptions and cyclones all can be categorized as natural phenomena. Some natural phenomena can be destructive such as cyclones, thunderstorms, lightning and earthquakes. However, there […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Conductors and insulators                       Figure 1 Conductors and Insulators of Electricity 1. A conductor is any material or substance that allows electricity to flow through it. 2. An insulator is any substance or material that prevents the flow of electricity through it. 3. Any substance […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 13 Sound

What is sound? A sound is a form of energy that is produced when air molecules vibrate in a particular pattern called waves. Hence, the sound is a wave. Vibration can be described as a back and forth motion of an object. Depending upon the vibrations, a sound is produced. Sound cannot be produced without […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 12 Friction

What is Friction? Friction is a force that comes into play when two surfaces come in contact with each other. The Frictional force or the force of Friction acts in the opposite direction of the motion of the object. The force of Friction opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of two moving objects.   […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

What is a Force? When a push or pull is applied to an object it is called force. A force can change the state of an object from rest to motion or vice versa. To let a force come into play, two or more objects must interact with each other.           […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Adolescence and Puberty Animals, as well as human beings, can reproduce only after a certain age or time period in their lives after growing up into an adult. This is because of changes in hormones in their bodies that make them capable of reproduction. What is adolescence? It is a time period in life when […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

a) Several processes such as circulation of blood, digestion and respiration are essential for the survival of human beings and other animals. b) Similarly, reproduction is essential to maintain the continuity in the species. c) If reproduction in animals does not take place, no similar kind of organisms will be present on the earth generation […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 8 Cell – Structure and Functions

A Cell (from Latin cella, meaning “Small Room”) is the basic Structural, Functional, and Biological unit of all known Living Organisms. A cell is the Smallest Unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the “Building Blocks of Life”. Discovery of the Cell    Figure1: Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 Dealing with Garbage Garbage is defined as the items or materials that need to be discarded because they no longer serve any purpose for us or are of no use to us. Tonnes of garbage and is generated by us on a daily basis. Garbage is often associated […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 11 Air around Us

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 The invisible gaseous medium around us, mainly constituted by oxygen and nitrogen is known as air. It is through this air that we are able to carry out the process of respiration. Air is transparent and colourless. It occupies space and is present all around us. Atmosphere: The […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Biosphere: Part of the Earth that supports life is called the biosphere. It is here that all living organisms exist. Biodiversity: Variety of organisms that exist on the Earth, their interrelationships, and their relationship with their environment is called the Biological Diversity and the Biodiversity. Wildlife Sanctuary: This is a protected area where animals can […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 14 Water

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 Introduction: It is common knowledge that water is important on our Earth and without water, life as we know it would cease to exist. While Earth has an abundant reservoir of water, covering three-fourths of its surface, Freshwater is a mere 2.6% of the total water. Water is […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 10 Fun with Magnets

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 What are Magnets? Magnets are pieces of iron or other materials which exhibit the properties of magnetism i.e. the ability to attract other objects that contain iron. Compass needles, fridge magnets and MRI scanners are some common examples of magnets. It is said that magnets were discovered after […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 9 Electricity and Circuits

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 Introduction to Electricity and Circuits Electricity has become so common that sometimes we forget its immense applications. Advantages of Electricity: (i) Light in our houses, offices, roads etc. even past sunset (ii) To operate pumps which in turn have a lot of applications (iii) Electrical appliances like refrigerator, […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame

  Remember, when we burn magnesium ribbon in air, it produces heat and light and we get magnesium oxide. Chemical Equation for Burning of Magnesium Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide + Heat and Light 2Mg + O2 →  2MgO + ∆ Similarly, when we burn charcoal in air, it produces carbon dioxide, heat and […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 8 Light, Shadows and Reflection

Source of light: An object which emits light, is called a source of light. For example, sun, torch, etc. Non-luminous objects: These are the objects which do not emit light of their own. Such a body becomes visible when light falls on it. For example, the moon, the planets, etc. Ray of light: A straight […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum

                                           Figure 1 Classification of Resources Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas are exhaustible natural resources. They are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are fuels that are formed by fossils (or dead remains) of living organisms. What […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 7 Motion and Measurement of Distances

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 With the changing times, transport also has gone through various modifications i.e. from animals to the invention of wheels. The evolution of transport is evident when we observe the fast cars, bullet trains etc. Even today new modes of transport are being researched upon. Fig 1: Shows the […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 6 The living organisms and their surroundings

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 Introduction: Different regions in the world have various types of living creatures called organisms. Even the openings of volcanoes have tiny living organisms. Even our homes are not devoid of these tiny organisms. List some of the tiny organisms which you have encountered at home! Environment: Everything that […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 5 Body Movements

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 Our body is capable of performing a wide variety of simple and complex functions. It is able to do so because of the internal structure that facilitates its movement. Human Body And Its Movements The human skeleton is the internal framework which is responsible for giving support, shape […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 4 Metals and Non-Metals

Metals and Non-metals differ in terms of their physical and chemical properties. Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals Physical Properties Metals Non-Metals Conductivity Metals (such as iron or copper) are good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals (such as coal or sulphur) are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite is an exception as it […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Getting to Know Plants

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 As we all know, Earth is the only planet in our solar system that has the viable conditions for life to exist. While the presence of water and oxygen is the main reason, we must also recognize that life would not have been possible if it weren’t for […]

Revision Notes for CBSE Class 8 Science

Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Chapter 4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals Chapter 10 Reaching […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

Fabrics are made by weaving fibres (or threads) obtained from natural or artificial sources. They can be of two types: What are Synthetic Fibres? What is a synthetic fibre made up of? A synthetic fibre, as well as plastic, is made up of a chain of small units (called Monomers) which combine to form polymers. […]

Revision Notes Class 8 Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

What are Microbes? Microbes or microorganisms are tiny organisms which are so small that we cannot see them with an unaided eye. Some microorganisms can be seen with the help of a magnifying glass (such as fungus that grows on bread) while some can only be seen when you use a microscope (such as bacteria […]

Notes Class 6 Science Chapter 6 Changes Around Us

Notes For All Chapters Science Class 6 Everything around us is undergoing a process of change. Our hair and nails keep growing. Leaves die and new leaves take their place. While some changes in our environment are temporary and can change back to their original positions, other changes are relatively permanent. On this basis, changes […]