Notes For All Chapters Maths Class 8
Solids have a fixed shape and occupy a space.
A solid is made up of polygonal regions, which are called its faces.
Polyhedron: A solid shape bounded by polygons is called polyhedron (platonic solid).
A polyhedron has some number of plane faces, edges and vertices, which satisfy the relationship:
F + V – E = 2,
where
F stands for the number of faces.
V stands for the number of vertices
and E stands for the number of edges.
The relation F + V – E = 2 is called Euler’s formula.
Prism: A prism is a solid, whose side faces are parallelograms and whose ends (or bases) are congruent parallel polygons.
A prism has 2 triangular faces, 3 rectangular faces, 6 vertices and 9 edges.
Pyramid: A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon of any number of sides and whose other faces are triangles with a common vertex.
A pyramid has 1 square face, 4 triangular faces, 5 vertices and 8 edges.
Tetrahedron: A pyramid is called a triangular pyramid if its base is a triangle. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron.
Plane shapes have two dimensions (measurements) like length and breadth whereas a solid object has three measurements like length, breadth and height (or depth). That is why they are called two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional shapes, respectively. They are briefly named as 2-D and 3-D figures, respectively. Triangle, rectangle, circle, etc., are 2-D figures whereas cube, cylinder, cone, sphere, etc., are 3-D figures.
Views of 3-D Shapes
3-dimensional objects look differently from different positions. So, they can be drawn from different perspectives like top view, front view, side view.
Mapping Space Around Us
A map is different from a picture. A map depicts the location of a particular object/place in relation to other objects/places. Symbols are used to depict different objects/places. There is no reference or perspective on a map. However, perspective is very important for drawing a picture. Moreover, maps involve a scale which is fixed for a particular map.
Faces, Edges and Vertices
A solid shape bounded by the polygon is called a polyhedron. The plural of the word polyhedron is polyhedra.
Faces are polygonal regions with which a polyhedron is made up. The line segments in which the faces of a polyhedron meet are called edges. The points of intersection of the edges of a polyhedron are called its vertices. In a polyhedron, three or more edges meet at a vertex.
A polyhedron is said to be regular if its faces are made up of regular polygons and the same number of faces meet at each vertex.
A prism is a polyhedron whose base and top are parallel congruent polygons and whose lateral faces are parallelograms in shape.
A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon (of any number of sides) and whose lateral faces are triangles with a common vertex.
Leave a Reply