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Notes Chapter 12 Class 7 Science Curiosity NCERT

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Earth, Moon, and the Sun


1. Rotation of the Earth

  • Earth spins on its axis (through North and South Poles) every 24 hours.
  • Rotates anti-clockwise (West to East) when viewed from above the North Pole.

Effects:

  • Causes day and night: Side facing the Sun has day; opposite side has night.
  • Sun appears to rise in the East and set in the West.
  • Stars and Moon also appear to move East to West; Pole Star stays nearly still.

2. Revolution of the Earth

  • Earth revolves around the Sun in a nearly circular orbit, taking 365 days and 6 hours.

Effects:

  • Changing Night Sky: Different stars are visible at sunset in different months.
  • Seasons: Caused by Earth’s tilted axis and spherical shape.
  • June: Northern Hemisphere tilts toward Sun (summer, longer days); Southern Hemisphere tilts away (winter).
      • December: Opposite (winter in Northern Hemisphere, summer in Southern Hemisphere).
      • Equinox (March 21, September 23): Equal day and night.
      • Solstice (June 21: longest day; December 22: shortest day in Northern Hemisphere).

3. Eclipses

Solar Eclipse: Moon blocks Sun’s light from reaching Earth.

  • Total: Moon fully covers Sun (small area, dark for minutes).
  • Partial: Moon covers part of Sun.
  • Safe Viewing: Use special goggles or project Sun’s image; never look directly.

Lunar Eclipse: Earth blocks sunlight from reaching Moon.

  • Total: Moon fully in Earth’s shadow, looks dark red.
  • Partial: Part of Moon in shadow.
  • Safe Viewing: Can be watched with naked eye.

Moon’s apparent size matches Sun’s, allowing it to block Sun despite being smaller.


Key Points

  • Earth’s rotation causes day/night and apparent motion of celestial bodies.
  • Earth’s revolution and tilted axis cause changing night sky and seasons.
  • Eclipses occur when Moon or Earth blocks sunlight; solar eclipses need safe viewing.

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